A tigress branded “the Ladykiller of Kumaon” has forced the Uttarakhand government to start planning the relocation of 1,400 forest villagers, a move that could cost well over Rs 100 crore.Reports Telegraph!May you imagine such a Plan against any par

A tigress branded "the Ladykiller of Kumaon" has forced the Uttarakhand government to start planning the relocation of 1,400 forest villagers, a move that could cost well over Rs 100 crore.Reports Telegraph!May you imagine such a Plan against any part of the so called Mainstream India ? Just think that FOURTEEN Hundred Tribal forest VILLAGES have to be RELOCATED just because of a TIGRESS. SAVE Tiger Projects have become UNDER COVER Monopolistic Corporate Aggression ICONISED against the Aboriginal Landscape!

Meet to Prepare National Policy for Tribals

Adivasis in Assam Demand Scheduled Tribe Status

Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time -FIVE HUNDRED  SIXTY FIVE

Palash Biswas

http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/

http://basantipurtimes.blogspot.com/


A tigress branded "the Ladykiller of Kumaon" has forced the Uttarakhand government to start planning the relocation of 1,400 forest villagers, a move that could cost well over Rs 100 crore.Reports Telegraph!May you imagine such a Plan against any part of the so called Mainstream India ? Just think that FOURTEEN Hundred Tribal forest VILLAGES have to be RELOCATED just because of a TIGRESS. SAVE Tiger Projects have become UNDER COVER Monopolistic Corporate Aggression ICONISED against the Aboriginal Landscape!

Since Uttarakhandi tribes Van Gujjar, Buksha and Tharu are most peaceful Nature, they have been selected  for Displacement since Power transfer to the Brahmin Bania Corporate Raj in 1947.

KHAM Superindent had allotted most of the himalyan terai Land to Big farmers under KHAM Bandobast within five years- 1947 to 1952 wiping out most of the Tribal village.

Nankmatta and haripura Big Dams deserted dozens of Tribal villages.

Rehabilitation of Punjabi and Bengali Refugees in the Terai wiped out each and every tribal village within the Colonisation project.

But the matter is Neve focused as Resistance and Insurrections in the Aboriginal Humanscape countrywide made no difference to the GENOCIDE Culture and Ethnic Cleansing and continuous Holocaust!

Meanwhile,All Assam Adivasi Students Association (AAASA) today urged Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi to recognise the adivasis of the state as Scheduled Tribes.

In a memorandum submitted to the chief minister, the Association pointed out that adivasis in other states like Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Chattishgarh were recognised as Scheduled Tribes.

"The scheduling of Adivasis will solve the 80 per cent of our problems and lead to all round development of Assam," the memorandum said.

AAASA also demanded a CBI inquiry into the eviction of adivasis initiated in Lungsung area of Kokrajhar and to immediately stop their eviction.

It alleged that the tea industry of Assam had been exploiting the Adivasis for generations reducing them into bonded labour.

The tea plantation system with its policy of subsistence economy (low wages, ration system), policy of dependency, policy of isolation, policy of divide and rule is making the workers dependent, poor, illiterate and isolated, it said.

"We demand the wages for tea garden labourers should be increased to Rs 200 and the working time of the tea garden labourers from 0900 hrs to 1630 hrs like other industries," the memorandum added.

Child labour should be immediately abolished from the tea gardens in the state and the education system improved by upgrading the schools with Sadri language to be the medium of instruction in the schools.

Adivasis in Assam Demand Scheduled Tribe Status GUWAHATI | JAN 11, 2011 * PRINT SHARE COMMENTS All Assam Adivasi Students Association (AAASA) today urged Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi to recognise the adivasis of the state as Scheduled Tribes. In a memorandum submitted to the chief minister, the Association pointed out that adivasis in other states like Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Chattishgarh were recognised as Scheduled Tribes. "The scheduling of Adivasis will solve the 80 per cent of our problems and lead to all round development of Assam," the memorandum said. AAASA also demanded a CBI inquiry into the eviction of adivasis initiated in Lungsung area of Kokrajhar and to immediately stop their eviction. It alleged that the tea industry of Assam had been exploiting the Adivasis for generations reducing them into bonded labour. The tea plantation system with its policy of subsistence economy (low wages, ration system), policy of dependency, policy of isolation, policy of divide and rule is making the workers dependent, poor, illiterate and isolated, it said. "We demand the wages for tea garden labourers should be increased to Rs 200 and the working time of the tea garden labourers from 0900 hrs to 1630 hrs like other industries," the memorandum added. Child labour should be immediately abolished from the tea gardens in the state and the education system improved by upgrading the schools with Sadri language to be the medium of instruction in the schools. FILED ON: JAN 11, 2011 23:03 IST FILED IN: TRIBALS |ASSAM TRANSLATE INTO: Select LanguageAfrikaansAlbanianArabicBelarusianBulgarianCatalanChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)CroatianCzechDanishDutchEstonianFilipinoFinnishFrenchGalicianGermanGreekHaitian CreoleHebrewHindiHungarianIcelandicIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseKoreanLatvianLithuanianMacedonianMalayMalteseNorwegianPersianPolishPortugueseRomanianRussianSerbianSlovakSlovenianSpanishSwahiliSwedishThaiTurkishUkrainianVietnameseWelshYiddish Powered by Translate © Copyright PTI. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of any PTI content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without their prior written consent. * PRINT SHARE COMMENTS RELATED WIRES : Curfew Relaxed on Assam-Meghalaya Border  JAN 13, 2011 ULFA Wants Peaceful, Negotiated Settlement  JAN 12, 2011 Meet to Prepare National Policy for Tribals  JAN 12, 2011 Curfew Relaxed in Assam-Meghalaya Border Areas  JAN 12, 2011 Joint Patrolling in Assam-Meghalaya Border Areas  JAN 11, 2011 ULFA Not Interested in Politics: Sashadhar  JAN 11, 2011 ULFA Leader Wants Immediate End to Infiltration  JAN 11, 2011 AGP Urges Centre to Institute Inquiry Against Gogoi  JAN 11, 2011 We Want Amicable Settlement: UFLA Leaders  JAN 11, 2011 ULFA 'Foreign Secretary' Released From Jail  JAN 11, 2011 NDFB Daimary Faction Announces 6 Month Ceasefire  JAN 11, 2011 North-East: Curfew Continues After Fresh Clash  JAN 11, 2011 Assam-Meghalaya Clashes 'Well Planned': MHA Team  JAN 10, 2011 Ethnic Clash: Shoot-at-Sight Orders on Assam Side  JAN 10, 2011 Assam CM to File Defamation Suit Against Akhil Gogoi  JAN 09, 2011 Meghalaya CM Unhappy with Assam Response  JAN 09, 2011 Assam-Meghalaya Ethnic Clash: Army Stages Flag March  JAN 09, 2011 Tribal Woman Accuses MLA of Assault, Molestation  JAN 09, 2011 Paramilitary Forces Deployed in East Garo Hills  JAN 08, 2011 BJP National Executive Meeting in Guwahati Begins  JAN 08, 2011 Sangma to Demand Probe into Ethnic Violence  JAN 07, 2011

http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?708108

Rs 100cr: 'Ladykiller' bill for Corbett - tigress prowls, govt scrambles

* Tourists at the Jim Corbett National Park A tigress branded "the Ladykiller of Kumaon" has forced the Uttarakhand government to start planning the relocation of 1,400 forest villagers, a move that could cost well over Rs 100 crore. The tigress has killed four women villagers in the past two months in the Jim Corbett National Park, triggering the relocation demand from wildlife activists who hold human trespassing responsible for the deaths. The last time villagers were shifted from Corbett was in 1935, and no relocation has taken place anywhere in the country after a law was passed in 2006 strengthening tribals' right to forestland. But Uttarakhand's chief wildlife warden, Shrikant Chandola, said that even though it was difficult to relocate 1,400 people, the government "was working" on such a plan. Officials said the villagers, about 400-500 of whom are tribals, could be resettled in a phased manner somewhere near Hardwar, about 50-60km away. The "Ladykiller", though, is to be killed. On the night of January 11, hours after the animal had claimed its fourth human prey, the forest department's shooters had shot at the tigress but merely managed to wound it in its left rear leg. The last three days have been a battle of nerves for man and animal, with a hunt mounted on elephants in the tiger reserve's core area while villagers agitated outside the park's borders demanding immediate death for the killer beast. But wildlife activists say it's not the animal's fault: it never entered the villages and only killed people trespassing into the forest. "Killing tigers is not a solution. Today you kill a tiger; tomorrow you brand another tiger a man-eater and kill it too. There is no end to this. The villagers must stop encroachment and the government must act," Bijendra Singh, a member of the National Wildlife Board, told The Telegraph. One reason for the government's willingness to consider relocation is that Corbett, with 112 tigers, has the highest tiger density in the country. The Wild Life Conservation Act allows state governments to acquire land and shift villages but its implementation is fraught with political risks. "Besides, the government has to pay every adult who is relocated Rs 10 lakh apart from the cost of acquiring farmland for all the families. Besides, if the forest dwellers are tribals, that creates the added problem of finding forestland for them," said V.P. Singh, wildlife activist and director of the Terai Conservation Society, an NGO. The Corbett park spreads across 1,318.54sqkm on the Garhwal and Kumaon hills, with a core area of 520sqkm. The 1,400 villagers live in seven hamlets in Sundarkhal, outside the park's buffer area. The villagers are not allowed to enter even the buffer area but do so to collect firewood and honey or to catch fish. They say they don't earn enough from their farmland. The tigress had made its first human kill on November 12, mauling Nandi Devi, 43, while she was collecting firewood. It ate a part of her leg — the only time it has eaten a human victim. The animal killed an unidentified young woman on November 18 and Devki Devi on December 29, each of the deaths being followed by agitating villagers throwing stones at forest officials. On December 30, the park authorities decided the tigress would be shot dead. But the tigress struck again on January 11, killing Shanti Devi. On January 11 night, shooters waited on two wooden platforms at the spot. Around 2am, the animal returned to claim its kill. The shooters fired eight bullets, hitting the tigress's leg with one.

TAPAS CHAKRABORTY FROM LUCKNOW

http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110115/jsp/frontpage/story_13443985.jsp

Meet to Prepare National Policy for Tribals
The first-ever meeting of the Standing Committee of National Tribal Welfare Committee comprising representatives of all states was held today with an aim to prepare a draft national policy to improve the the life of tribals and ensure that they get their rights.

Minister of Tribal Affairs Kantilal Bhuria said till now each state was making its own policy due to which the overall development of the community was not taking place.

"Ministers or representatives of all states are present to discuss tribal policies and the aim is to improve the life of tribals in the country and ensure that they get their rights," he told reporters.

With a focus on this, the Committee will prepare a national policy and present the draft to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh so that it is cleared in a few months when he chairs the next meeting, he said.

"The ministry is also working towards implementation of Forest Dwellers (recognition of Forest Rights) Act. Of the 30 lakh people who have applied for forest land rights, the claims of 14 lakh tribals have been rejected due to certain reasons, while 11 lakh people from the community have got their land rights," Bhuria said.

He said the ministry's endeavour is also to strengthen the Panchayati Raj system so that tribals and forest dwellers can approach such forums for their rights.

"Efforts are on to bring in a Bill for this," the minister said.

Elusive Corbett tigress creates panic in Uttarakhand villages

Headlines Today Bureau  | Dehradun, January 14, 2011 | Updated 19:11 IST

UTILITIES * * * * GET SOCIAL * Buzz The man-eater tigress of Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand remains elusive. The big cat has killed four people in the last three months. Even as the forest officials are working round the clock to capture the tigress, the villagers living nearby are in perpetual fear of another attack. Corbett Tiger Reserve officials fired eight bullets at the big cat, but the injured tigress managed to escape. While the administration has taken the help of two pet elephants to trace the big cat, Uttarakhand wildlife officials are also camping near the park to keep a close watch on the situation. People living nearby have been advised to remain alert.

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/126625/India/elusive-corbett-tigress-creates-panic-in-uttarakhand-villages.html

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Hunt on for Corbett's wounded tigress

NDTV Correspondent, Updated: January 15, 2011 12:09 IST


  

The inability of the Forest Department to nab the tigress has incensed the villagers making the wildlife in this area vulnerable to man-animal conflict.

The adult tigress in question had proved to be a menace for all villagers from Dhikuli area adjoining the park. The four women who died were also from the same village and had entered the forest to collect fodder.Rediff.comTwitterNDTV SocialLive MessengerGmail BuzzPrint

Even though it can, over a period of time, recover from a single-bullet injury on its own, the fact that it remains untraceable is worrisome for not just the villagers but also the authorities. And now, that the tigress is injured and in pain, it can only prove more dangerous.
 
''We need some time to identify the tigress... we don't want to make any mistakes,'' said Shrikant Chandola, the Chief Wildlife Warden of Uttarakhand.

Despite mobilising dog squads, searches on elephants and placing various kinds of baits, the tigress has not been spotted. Yet, wildlife authorities do not want to push harder because camera traps show presence of four tigers in the area and they don't want to hurt the wrong one.


Read more at: http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/hunt-on-for-corbett-s-wounded-tigress-79439?cp

Corbett tigress is man-eater

Times of India - Neha Shukla - ‎Jan 13, 2011‎
LUCKNOW: Its official now. The big cat killing humans in Corbett National Park is an adult tigress and is a man-eater. It has killed three humans since ...

Wounded Corbett tigress spotted

Daily Pioneer - Paritosh Kimothi - ‎Jan 13, 2011‎
The wounded Corbett National Park tigress was sighted again on Thursday. As it is still bleeding, it has therefore moved towards hilly terrain. ...
All 2 related articles »
Van Gujjars to Serve in Corbett Tiger Force

DEEPTI SAXENA/DEHRA DUN | JAN 02, 2011

Van Gujjars, a nomadic Muslim tribe in Uttarakhand, will now guard the forest areas in the state from where they were uprooted during the past two decades on the suspicion of being poachers.

Thanks to a new initiative by the Central government that seeks to set up a Corbett tiger force which will have 30 per cent reservation for Gujjars and other local communities living in the Corbett National Park.

"The move will restore some pride of Gujjars. They can tell the world that they were not the actual poachers," said Avadhash Kaushal, chairperson of RLEK, a Dehra Dun-based NGO which had been fighting for the rights of Gujjars.

Kaushal severely criticised the forest department for suspecting the role of Gujjars, who are traditionally vegetarians, in umpteen poaching incidents that take place in the Corbett National Park and other wildlife sanctuaries in the hill state.

With Uttarakhand cabinet recently giving its consent, the new tiger force is expected to come into effect when the Corbett National Park celebrates its platinum jubilee this year.

Corbett tiger force will have three platoons headed by additional conservator of forest (ACF). The platoons will also be headed by a ranger, Secretary Forests M H Khan said.

There will be a total of 90 forest guards with nearly 27 posts being reserved for Van Gujjars and other forest dwellers. The forest guards will also enjoy police powers, he said.

The Centre will spend Rs four crore per year on the force that will be deployed exclusively for the security of Corbett Park and will never be used for other para military activities.

Meanwhile, Kaushal has alleged that Van Gujjars were not being given the ownership of the land where they are being rehabilitated in Haridwar district.

"We are getting hundreds of complaints where Gujjars have been denied the right of ownership after they were forcibly uprooted from the forest areas," Kaushal said.
FILED ON: JAN 02, 2011 13:14 IST
http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?707027

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  Project Tiger

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  Part of a series on

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  Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation movement initiated in India in 1972 to protect tigers. The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted tiger reserves representative of various regions throughout India and strives to maintain viable populations of Bengal tigers in their natural environment.

  In 2008, there were more than 40 Project Tiger reserves covering an area over 37,761 km2 (14,580 sq mi). Project Tiger helped to increase the population of these tigers from 1,200 in the 1970s to 3,500 in 1990s. However, a 2008 census held by the Government of India revealed that the tiger population had dropped to 1,411. Since then the government has pledged US$153 million to further fund the project, set-up a Tiger Protection Force to combat poachers, and fund the relocation of up to 200,000 villagers to minimize human-tiger conflicts.

  Contents [hide] 1 Goals and objectives 2 Organisation 3 History 4 Future plans 5 See also 6 References 7 External links





[edit]Goals and objectives

Project Tiger was meant to identify the limiting factors and to mitigate them by suitable management. The damages done to the habitat were to be rectified so as to facilitate the recovery of the ecosystem to the maximum possible extent.

The following potential tiger habitats are being covered:[1]

• Sivalik–Terai Conservation Unit (Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal), and in Nepal
• North east Conservation Unit
• Sunderbans Conservation Unit
• Central Indian Conservation Unit
• Eastern Ghat Conservation Unit
• Western Ghat Conservation Unit



[edit]Organisation

Project Tiger is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority. The overall administration of the project is monitored by a Steering Committee. A Field Director is appointed for each reserve, who is assisted by the field and technical personnel. At the centre, a full-fledgedDirector of the project coordinates the work for the country.

Wireless communication system and outstation patrol camps have been developed within the tiger reserves, due to which poaching has declined considerably. Fire protection engineering is carried out by suitable preventive and control measures. Villages have been relocated in many reserves, especially from core areas. Livestock grazing has been controlled to a great extent in the tiger reserves. Various compensatory developmental works have improved the water regime and the ground and field level vegetation, thereby increasing the animal density.

[edit]History

The tiger population in India at the turn of the 19th century was estimated at 45,000 individuals. The first ever all-India tiger census was conducted in 1972 which revealed the existence of only 1827 tigers. In 1973, the project was launched in Palamau Tiger Reserve, and varioustiger reserves were created in the country based on a 'core-buffer' strategy. For each tiger reserve, management plans were drawn up based on the following principles:

• Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and biotic disturbance from the core area and rationalization of activities in the buffer zone.
• Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damages done to the eco-system by human and other interferences so as to facilitate recovery of the eco-system to its natural state.
• Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and carrying out research about wildlife.



Global organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) contributed much funding to Project Tiger. Eventually, however, it was discovered that the project's field directors had been manipulating tiger census numbers in order to encourage more financial support. In fact, the numbers were so exaggerated as to be biologically impossible in some cases. In addition, Project Tiger's efforts were damaged bypoaching, as well as the Sariska debacle and the latest Namdapha tragedy, both of which were reported extensively in the Indian media.

The landmark report, Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India, published in 2007 by the National Tiger Conservation Authorityestimates only 1411 adult tigers in existence in India, plus uncensused tigers in the Sundarbans.[2]

The project to map all the forest reserves in India has not been completed yet, though the Ministry of Environment and Forests had sanctioned ₨. 13 million for the same in March 2004.

The Forest Rights Act passed by the Indian government in 2006 recognises the rights of some forest dwelling communities in forest areas. This has led to controversy over implications of such recognition for tiger conservation. Some have argued that this is problematic as it will increase conflict and opportunities for poaching; some also assert that "tigers and humans cannot exist".[3] Others argue that this is a limited perspective that overlooks the reality of human-tiger coexistence and the role of abuse of power by authorities, rather than local people, in the tiger crisis. This position was supported by the Government of India's Tiger Task Force, and is also taken by some forest dwellers' organisations.[4][5]

[edit]Future plans

Wildlife protection and crime risk management in the present scenario requires a widely distributed Information Network, using state-of-the-art information and communication technology. This becomes all the more important to ensure the desired level of protection in field formations to safeguard the impressive gains of a focused project like 'Project Tiger'. The important elements in wildlife protection and control are: Mapping/Plot (graphics)plotting the relative spatial abundance of wild animals, identification of risk factors, proximity to risk factors, 'sensitivity categorization', 'crime mapping' and immediate action for apprehending the offenders based on effective networking and communication.

Space technology has shown the interconnectivity of natural and anthropogenic phenomena occurring anywhere on earth. Several tiger reserves are being linked with the Project Tiger Directorate in the GIS domain for Wildlife Crime Risk Management. A 'Tiger Atlas of India' and a 'Tiger Habitat and Population Evaluation System' for the country is being developed using state-of-the-art technology. This involves:

• Mapping, data acquisition and GIS modeling
• Field data collection and validation
• Data Maintenance, dissemination and use



Satellite data is being used and classified into vegetation and land use maps on a 1:50,000 scale, with digitized data relating to contour, villages, roads, drainage, administrative boundaries and soil. The spatial layers would be attached with attribute data, viz. human population, livestock population, meteorological data, agricultural information and field data pertaining to wildlife, habitat for evolving regional protocols to monitor tigers and their habitat.

Conservation of tigers and their prey species faces challenges from the need for income, lack of awareness, and lack of land use policy in landscapes having Tiger Reserves.

[edit]See also

• List of tiger reserves in India



[edit]References

1. ^ "Project Tiger Reserves", Project Tiger (National Tiger Conservation Authority, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Goverment of India)
2. ^ Y.V.Jhala, R.Gopal, Q.Qureshi (eds.), ed (2008). Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India. TR 08/001. New Delhi: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India. pp. -151.
3. ^ Buncombe, A. (2007) The face of a doomed species The Independent, 31 October 2007 online
4. ^ Government of India (2005) Tiger Task Force Report online
5. ^ Campaign for Survival and Dignity Tiger Conservation: A Disaster in the Making online



[edit]External links

• Official Website of Project Tiger

  [show]v · d · eTiger Reserves of India

  
  
  

  Categories: Conservation in India | Conservation reliant species | Tiger reserves of India | Tigers | 1972 in India

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  Year End Review 2010 - Ministry of Tribal Affairs
  	14:58 IST

  
  

  The Ministry of Tribal Affairs took several new initiatives during 2010 for empowering Scheduled Tribes (STs) through better service delivery mechanisms. Various steps were taken towards improving and safeguarding the lives of the Scheduled Tribes community in the country and strengthening of the historic Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.  Major policy initiatives taken by the Ministry are as under: Constitution of National Council for Tribal Welfare and Standing Committee for Tribal Welfare            National Council for Tribal Welfare has been constituted. The Council will be chaired by the Prime Minister. In addition to the Council, a Standing Committee has also been constituted. This will be chaired by the Minister of Tribal Affairs. The National Council for Tribal Welfare set up objectives are (i) provide broad policy guidelines to bring about improvement in the lives of the Scheduled Tribes community in the country (ii) review the implementation of the Forest Rights Act (iii) review the implementation of Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule of the Constitution (iv) monitor the implementation of Tribal Sub Plan (v) monitor programmes aimed at protecting particularly vulnerable Tribal Groups. Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006            The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is implementing The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 which recognizes and vests the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests, for generations, but whose rights could not be recorded. The salient features of the Act are - (i) The occupation of forest land up to an area of 4 hectares (Max.) can be recognized (ii) Rights are heritable but not alienable or transferable (iii) Persons living in and dependent on forests for livelihood shall be eligible (iv) Responsibility of protection of wild life, forest and biodiversity has been assigned to the right-holders (v) State/UT Governments are implementing the Act.  More than 30.14 lakh claims have reportedly been filed in various States/UTs and more than 10.90 lakh titles have been distributed in the States/UTs, as on 30.11.2010.               The  Minister of Tribal Affairs addressed letters to the Chief Ministers of all States on 30th August, 2010 to ensure compliance of the provisions of the Forest Rights Act before taking decision on displacement of Scheduled Tribes from National Parks and Sanctuaries. He again addressed the Chief Ministers of the States on 31.08.2010 & 10.11.2010 to accord priority to the implementation of the Act and to ensure distribution of the title deeds to all eligible claimants without delay. Participation of Tribal Guests in Republic Day Celebrations 2010            As per the practice being followed over the years, this year too, the Ministry invited two tribal representatives, one female and one male from each State/Union Territory as guests of the Government of India, to witness the Republic Day Parade and Celebrations 2010. 53 tribal guests from 28 States/Union Territories came to Delhi to witness the Republic Day Parade 2010.            Tribal Guests witnessed the Republic Day Parade 2010, attended the Prime Minister's NCC Rally on 28th January, 2010 and Beating Retreat Ceremony on 29thJanuary, 2010. The tribal guests also called on the President of India and Vice President on 27th January, 2010, and also attended the reception hosted by the Prime Minister on 28thJanuary, 2010. They also met the Defence Minister. The Minister of Tribal Affairs held a reception in their honour and distributed shawls to them. The tribal guests paid homage to the Father of the Nation at Rajghat on 30th January, 2010. The guests were taken for sightseeing in and around Delhi and also visited Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and the temples inMathura.            The tableau of the Ministry was displayed during the Republic Day Parade 2010 on the theme of Forest Rights Act 2006. Organizing of National Tribal Festival "Prakriti" in New Delhi            The National Tribal Festival "Prakriti was organized from 5th to 7th February, 2010 at Delhi Haat, New Delhi. This event was integrated with "Aadishilp" and was a joint venture of Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED) and the Ministry of Culture. TRIFED sold goods made by tribal artisans and the Ministry of Culture brought in performing tribal troupes from different parts of the country to make the event a convergence of Tribal art and culture. During the event from 5th to 8th February, 2010, the Ministry also organized a Photo Exhibition of Selected photographs of 3rd National Level Photo Competition in collaboration with Photo Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.    National Level Photographic Competition  2010            The Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Photo Division, Ministry of Information andBroadcasting  jointly organised the fourth National Level Photographic Competition 2010 on the theme "ARTISTIC EXPRESSION OF TRIBAL WOMEN" by inviting Amateur Photographers, especially tribals in the country to participate by submitting colourphotographs. Workshop on Tribal Heritage Agriculture Systems (THAS)            The Ministry of Tribal Affairs organized a workshop on Tribal Heritage Agriculture Systems (THAS) on 1st June, 2010 at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi. The workshop was inaugurated by Shri Kantilal Bhuria, the  Minister of Tribal Affairs. The key note speaker was Dr. Parviz Koohafkan, Director, Land and Water Division and Coordinator, Globally Important Agriculture Heritage Systems (GIAHS) of FAO (UN). The main purpose of this workshop was to enable the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, in association with the concerned Administrative Ministries viz. Ministries of Rural Development, Agriculture and Cooperation, and State governments to initiate programmes to identify and support bio-diversity rich tribal heritage agriculture systems in our country, and as a first measure, identify a few extremely unique but vulnerable systems for designing support mechanisms. Constitution of Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) in the State of Uttarakhand            In pursuance of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 4 of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India the direction of the President of India has been conveyed to the State Government of Uttarakhand for Constitution of Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) in the State, vide the "CO 263" The Tribal Advisory Council (State of Uttarakhand) order, 2010; published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part II- Section -3. Sub Section (i) dated 25.06.2010. National Tribal Archery Competition 2009-10 for Scheduled Tribe Boys and Girls            A National Tribal Archery Competition 2009-10 for Scheduled Tribe Boys and Girls was organized by the Ministry for the first time, through the Archery Association of India, in five States namely, Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya andSikkim. The final Competition was held at Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) in January, 2010. Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED)            The total sale proceeds of the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED) during the month of November 2010 have been Rs. 175.38 lakh, as compared of Rs. 114.42 lakh during the corresponding period in November, 2009. National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSTFDC)            The National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSTFDC) disbursed an amount of Rs. 25.14 crore for income generating activities during November,2010  as compared to  Rs. 21.24 crore  during the corresponding period in November, 2009. *** SB

  1. Northeast Echoes ‎ Calcutta Telegraph - Patricia Mukhim - 5 days ago The simmering discontent between the two tribes was palpable. ... Perhaps the problem also lies in India's simplistic notion of democracy and nation ...

     * Calcutta Telegraph

  2. IDP News Alert, 13 January 2011 ‎ ReliefWeb (press release) - 1 day ago The Government of India imposed a curfew in both districts, ... On 3 January, new inter-communal violence in Duékoué led to further displacement. ...

  3. Year End Review 2010 - Ministry of Tribal Affairs ‎ Press Information Bureau (press release) - 30 Dec 2010 The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is implementing The Scheduled Tribes and Other ... ondisplacement of Scheduled Tribes from National Parks and Sanctuaries. ...

  4. India Crushes Political Dissent ‎ Current Intelligence - 27 Dec 2010 India's moral decline has reached a new low with the incarceration of one of its... are used to seeing the state as a cause of displacement and violence, ... Video: Offering to defend Dr Binayak Sen my dharma: Ram Jethmalani NDTV.com India's Most Famous Political Prisoner Dr. Binayak Sen Sentenced ...‎ -Democracy Now (blog) all 945 news articles »

     * The Guardian

  5. Climate change to be addressed at grassroot level: Nobelist ‎ MSN India - 6 Jan 2011 Asked about how to maintain a balance between development and displacement, ... like Forest Rights Act is of no use for the tribes living in Jharkhand, ...

  6. The Techno-Fantasies of Evo Morales, The Consequences of Modernization ‎ Infoshop News - Collin Sick - 27 Dec 2010 ... dams whose construction is requiring the displacement of entire villages. .... of the writer Andrew Schmookler in his 1984 The Parable of the Tribes, ...
  
  

  Boksa (tribe)

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  Regions with significant populations

  * India           Uttarakhand 46,771[1]           Uttar Pradesh 4.367[2]

  Religion

  Hinduism, traditional beliefs

  Related ethnic groups

  Tharu people · Bhotiya · Pokhariya · Van Rawats

  
  
  

  Boksa or Buksa are indigenous people living mainly in the Indian states of Uttarakhand andUttar Pradesh. They are most concentrated in the Nainital district in the Kumaon foothills of the outer Himalayas.[3]

  [edit]References

  1. ^ "Uttaranchal, DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED TRIBES, Census of India 2001". Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  2. ^ "Uttar Pradesh, DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED TRIBES, Census of India 2001". Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  3. ^ Singh, R. "Composition and Social Order". Social Transformation of Indian Tribes. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. pp. 25–26. ISBN 812610452X.

     [hide]v · d · eScheduled tribes of India Asur · Baiga · Bharia · Bhil  · Bhumij · Bhutia · Birhor · Bodo · Bodo-Kachari · Boksa · Bonda · Chakma · Chenchu  · Dimasa  · Garo  · Gondi · Hmar · Ho · Karbi · Khasi  ·Khonds · Kol · Korwa · Kuki · Lepcha · Lodha · Mahli · Mara · Mech · Mishing · Mizo · Mog · Munda · Mudugar · Naga · Oraon · Rabari · Rabha · Reang · Santals · Sora  ·Tripuri

     
     
     • Sinlung Sinlung - Indian tribes

       *	This article about an Indian ethnicity or social group is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

       
       
       

       Categories: Indian ethnicity stubs | Indigenous peoples of India | Social groups of Uttar Pradesh | Social groups of Uttarakhand | Tribes of Uttar Pradesh

       Tharu people

       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

       *

       Wax Statues of Tharu people in Chauni Museum, Kathmandu

       Regions with significant populations

       * Nepal 1.9 millions[1] * India           Uttarakhand 85,665[2]           Uttar Pradesh 83,544[3]

       Languages

       local variants of Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Maithili

       Religion

       Hinduism, traditional beliefs

       Related ethnic groups

       Boksa (tribe) · Bhotiya · Pokhariya · Van Rawats

       
       
       

       The Tharu people is an Asian ethnic group indigenous to the Terai, the southern foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal and India.[4]

       The Tharus are recognized as an official nationality by the Government of Nepal.[5]

       Having lived in the malaria-infested jungle of the Terai for centuries, they were reputed to have an innate resistance to malaria. Following the deforestation and malaria eradication program using DDT in the 1960s, thousands of people from the mid-hills settled in the area. Recent medical studies among the Tharu and non-Tharu population of the Terai yielded the evidence that the prevalence of cases of residual malaria is nearly seven times lower among Tharus. The basis for their resistance to malaria is most likely a genetic factor.[6]

       Contents [hide] 1 Distribution 2 Culture 2.1 Household Structure 2.2 Language 2.3 Marriage system 2.4 Religion 3 History 3.1 Modern history (1846 - 1999) 3.2 Recent history (2000-present) 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links

     
     
     

     [edit]Distribution

     The vast majority of the Tharu people live in Nepal, where they constitute 6.6% of the total population, or 1,910,822 estimated in July 2010.[1] There are severalendogamous sub-groups of Tharus:[7]

     • Kochila Tharu in eastern Terai, i.e. in the Udayapur District;
     • Lamputchwa Tharu of Morang District;
     • Chitwaniya and Deshaurya Tharu in central Terai, i.e. in the Sindhuli, Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts;
     • Dangaura Tharu in western Terai, i.e. in the Dang Deukhuri, Banke, Bardia districts;
     • Rana Tharu in the Kailali and Kanchanpur districts of far western Terai and in Nainital and Kheri Terai districts of India, who claim to be ofRajput origin;
     • Kathariya Tharu mostly concentrated in Kailali District and in India.
     
     

     A smaller number of Tharus reside in the adjacent Indian districts of Champaran, Gorakhpur, Basti, Gonda and Nainital.[4] In 2001, Tharu were the largest of five scheduled tribes in Uttarakhand, with a population of 256,129 accounting for 33.4% of all scheduled tribes.[2] In the same year, they constituted 77.4% of the total tribal population of Uttar Pradesh with a population of 83,544.[3]

     [edit]Culture

     Tharu village near Bardia National Park

     A Tharu man

     The Tharu people themselves say that they are a people of the forest. In Chitwan, they have lived in the forests for hundreds of years practicing a short fallow shifting cultivation. They planted rice, mustard, corn and lentils, but also collected forest products such as wild fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants and materials to build their houses; hunted deer, rabbit and wild boar, and went fishing in the rivers and oxbow lakes.[7]

     The Tharus never went abroad for employment – a life that kept them isolated in their own localities.[8] In this isolation they developed a unique culture free from the influence of adjacent India, or from the mountain groups of Nepal. The most striking aspects of their environment are the decorated rice containers, colorfully painted verandahs and outer walls of their homes using only available materials like clay, mud, dung and grass. Much of the rich design is rooted in devotional activities and passed on from one generation to the next, occasionally introducing contemporary elements such as a bus or an airplane.[9]

     [edit]Household Structure

     In the western Terai, most Rana Tharu prefer living in Badaghar called longhouses with big families of many generations, sometimes 40-50 people. All household members pool their labor force, contribute their income, share the expenditure and use one kitchen.[10]

     [edit]Language

     There is no one Tharu language unifying Tharu communities in different parts of Nepal and India. In western Nepal and adjacent parts of India, Tharus speak variants of Urdu and Awadhi. In and near central Nepal, they speak a variant of Bhojpuri. In eastern Nepal, they speak a variant of Maithili. More standard versions of these dialects are widely spoken by non-Tharu neighbors in the same areas so that there are no important linguistic barriers between Tharus and their neighbors. However, there are linguistic barriers between these dialects standing in the way of communication between Tharus from different regions.

     Tharu were already living in the Terai before Indo-Europeans arrived, raising the question what they may have been speaking at the time. Nevertheless if any linguistic features survive from that era, they have not been documented.

     [edit]Marriage system

     Traditionally, marriages were often arranged during the pregnancies of two women. If they gave birth to opposite sex babies, the two babies were supposed to be married if they grew up as friends. It was problematic if a boy or girl came of age and rejected their assigned fiance(e). Finding a replacement was difficult because most girls and boys were already engaged. However this custom has been disappearing. Most Tharus now practice conventional arranged marriages. They also practice love marriages, marriage after courtship and eloping.

     [edit]Religion

     The spiritual beliefs and moral values of the Tharu people are closely linked to the natural environment. The pantheon of their gods exhibits a large number of deities that live in the forest.[7]

     *	This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved. (December 2006)

     
     
     

     The Tharu are adherents of Hinduism. Small numbers have converted to Buddhism in the recent years. Such syncretic practices have led Tharu to practice folk Hinduism. With the advent of religious freedom, others have converted to Christianity and there are a variety of congregations active in the various districts where Tharus are found.

     Traditional Tharu worship various gods in the form of animals such as horse, tiger, ox, snake and sheep. Such gods are seen in Hinduism. Every village has their own deity, commonly known as Bhuinyar. Tharu in East Nepal call their deity Gor-raja.

     Most Tharu households own a statue of a traditional god. Family members often offer animal's blood sacrifices to appease the god. Animals such as pigeons and chickens are used for sacrificial purposes. Milk and silk cloth are also used. Many Tharu would also use the blood of one of the male members in the family for such rituals. Such rituals are conducted through ceremonies, and superficial cuts are made forehead, arms, throat, legs, and/or chest.

     The gods are believed to have the ability to heal diseases and sickness. According to traditional legend, gods are given a bhakal, a promise of something, on condition that the sickness is cured, in any events of misfortunes, plagues and horror dreams. A relative's death is an event of great significance among Tharu, and rituals conducted varies in accordance to regions.

     Tharu would approach shamans as doctors, known as Guruba. Such shamans use Buddhist medicines to cure illness. Shamans will also try to appease gods through incantations, beating drums and offering sacrifices. The Tharu believe sickness comes when the gods are displeased, and the demons are at work.

     Buddhist converts among the Tharu are found in Saptari, Siraha and Udaypur. Currently it is believed that there are more than one dozen of Buddhist monks and novices among the Tharus. Such practice was possibly based on the fact that they were inspired by the discovery of Lord Buddha as a member of the Tharu tribe.

     97.63% of the ethnic Tharu were Hindu according to the 2001 Census of Nepal, whereas 1.95% were Buddhists.

     [edit]History

     [edit]Modern history (1846 - 1999)

     According to Nepali author Subodh Kumar Singh, a series of invasions by the other races, from north India across the border and from hills and mountains of Nepal, eroded the influence of the indigenous Tharus. In 1854 Jung Bahadur, the first Rana prime minister of Nepal, developed the Mulki Ain, a codification of Nepal's indigenous legal system, which divided society into a system of castes. The Tharus were placed at next to the bottom (lowest touchable, above untouchables) of the social hierarchy. Their land was taken away, disrupting their community and displacing the people.

     In the 1950s, the World Health Organisation helped the Nepalese government eradicate malaria in the Terai region. This resulted in immigration of people from other areas to claim the fertile land, making many Tharus virtual slaves of the new landowners and developing theKamaiya system of bonding generations of Tharus families to labour.[11]

     [edit]Recent history (2000-present)

     The Government of Nepal outlawed the practice of bonded labour prevalent under the Kamaiya system on July 17, 2000, prohibiting anyone from employing any person as a bonded labourer and declared that the act of making one work as a bonded labourer, be punishable.[11]Though democracy has been reinstated in the country, the Tharu community has called for a more Inclusive Democracy as they are fearful of remaining a backward, underprivileged people.[12]

     [edit]References

     1. ^ a b "The World Factbook: Nepal". CIA. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
     2. ^ a b Office of the Registrar General, India (2001). "Uttaranchal. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001". Retrieved 2008-03-16.
     3. ^ a b Office of the Registrar General, India (2001). "Uttar Pradesh. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001". Retrieved 2008-03-16.
     4. ^ a b Rajaure, D.P. (1981). "Tharus of Dang: The people and the social context". Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies, Volume 8, Number 3 and 4: 155-185. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
     5. ^ Lewis, M. P. (ed.) (2009). "Tharu, Chitwania - a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Texas. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
     6. ^ Terrenato L., Shrestha S., Dixit K.A., Luzzatto L., Modiano G., Morpurgo G., Arese P. (1988). "Decreased malaria morbidity in the Tharu people compared to sympatric populations in Nepal". Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 1988 Feb; 82(1): 1-11.. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
     7. ^ a b c McLean, J. (1999). "Conservation and the impact of relocation on the Tharus of Chitwan, Nepal.". Himalayan Research Bulletin, XIX (2): 38-44.
     8. ^ Gurung, G.M. (1992). "Socioeconomic Network of a Terai Village: An account of the Rana Tharus of Urma-Urmi". Contributions to Nepalese Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1.
     9. ^ Meyer, K. W., Deuel, P. (1997). "The Tharu of the Tarai". Indigo Gallery, Kathmandu. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
     10. ^ Lam, L.M. (2009). "Park, hill migration and changes in household livelihood systems of Rana Tharus in Far-western Nepal.". University of Adelaide.
     11. ^ a b World Organization Against Torture (2006). "The Kamaiya System of Bonded Labour in Nepal". A study prepared by the World Organization Against Torture for the International Conference Poverty, Inequality and Violence: is there a human rights response? Geneva, 4–6 October 2005.
     12. ^ "Tharu community calls for inclusive democracy". November 10 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
     
     

     [edit]Further reading

     • Krauskopff, Gisèle. (2007). An 'indigenous minority' in a border area: Tharu ethnic associations, NGOs, and the Nepalese state. In: Gellner, D.N. (ed.) Resistance and the state: Nepalese experiences. Berghahn Books, 2007. ISBN 184545216X, 9781845452162 online edition
     • Bista, Dor Bahadur. (2004). People of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.
     • Ashokakirti, Bhikshu. (1999). "Searching the Origin of Selfless Self". Journal of Nepalese Studies. Royal Nepal Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal.
     • Krauskopff, Gisèle. (1989). Maîtres et possédés: Les rites et l'ordre social chez les Tharu (Népal). Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. (French)
     
     

     [edit]External links

     • Tharu Nepal - a non-government organization promoting cultural exchange with Tharu community projects
     • The Anthropology of the Tharus: An annotated Bibliography by Gisèle Krauskopff
     • Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Nepal Office: Nationalities of Nepal
     • Tharu People
     • The Library of Congress A Country Study: Nepal
     • PBS Now program, April 2008: Documentary about slavery among the Tharu
     
     

     Categories: Ethnic groups in Nepal | Social groups of Uttarakhand | Indigenous peoples of India | Social groups of Uttar Pradesh | Social groups of Bihar

     Gurjar

     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

     *

     Samraat Mihir Bhoja · Vijay Singh Pathik ·Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel · Shoaib Akhtar ·Kuldip Singh Chandpuri · Rajesh Pilot ·Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed · Govind Singh Gurjar ·Sepoy Kamal Ram

     Regions with significant populations

     • India • Pakistan

     Languages

     • Gojri • Punjabi • Hindi. Urdu • English

     Religion

     • Hinduism (59,336,000)[1] • Islam (15,032,000)[2] • Sikhism (237,000)[3]

     Related ethnic groups

     • Indo-Aryan people • Rajputs • Khatris • Jats

     
     
     

     The Gurjar (Sanskrit: गुर्जर Gurjara,[4], Gujari: गुर्जर, گُرجر) or Gujjar ( Prakrit: गुज्जर, گجر) are an ethnic group in India, Afghanistan[5] and Pakistan. Alternative spellings include Gurjara, Gujarand Gujur.

     While the origin of the Gujjars is uncertain, the Gurjar clan appeared in ancient northern Indiaabout the time of the Huna invasions of the region. In the 6th to 12th Century, they were primarily classed as Kshatriya[6] and Brahmin, and many of them later converted to Islam during theMuslim rule in South Asia.[7][8] Today, the Gujjars are classified under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category in some states in India.[9] The Hindu Gujjars today are assimilated into several varnas of Hinduism.[10]

     Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Gurjar rulers 1.3 Military dress and Equipment of early Medieval period Gurjars 1.4 British rule 2 Demographics 2.1 India 2.1.1 Delhi 2.1.2 Haryana 2.1.3 Jammu and Kashmir 2.1.4 Van Gujjars 2.1.5 Rajasthan 2.1.6 Uttar Pradesh 2.1.7 Madhya Pradesh 2.1.8 Gujarat and Maharashtra 2.2 Pakistan 2.2.1 Pakistan Administered Kashmir 2.3 Afghanistan 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6 Further reading





History

Origin

Statue of Samraat Mihir Bhoj in the Bharat Upvan (Garden of India) of Akshardham Mandir, New Delhi

The origin of the Gujjars is uncertain.[11] There are various references talking about their origin. Most of the Gurjars claim descent from Suryavanshi Kshatriyas (Sun Dynasty) and connect themselves with Shri Ram Chandra.[12] Historically, the Gurjars were Sun-worshipers and are described as devoted to the feet of the Sun-god (God Surya).Their copper-plate grants bear an emblem of the Sun and on their seals too, this symbol is depicted.[13] Also the Gurjar title of honor is Mihir which means Sun.[14][15] Ancient Sanskrit Poet Rajasekhara in his plays styled Gurjar rulers as Raghu-kula-tilaka (Ornament of the race of Raghu), Raghu-gramani (the leader of theRaghus)and so forth.[16]

In Ramayana, it is described that a war was fought among demons and gods.Gurjars fought against demons under the leadership of King Dasharatha.[17] There is also references of gurjar widows in Yoga Vasistha, whose husbands laid down their lives in the battlefield, having their heads tonsured as a mark of their bravement.[18] In Mahabharata war also Gurjars fought and later on along with lord Krishna migrated from Mathura to Dwarka, Gujarat.[19]

The Gurjar clan appeared in northern India about the time of the Huna invasions of northern India. Some scholars, such as V. A. Smith, believed that the Gurjars were foreign immigrants, possibly a branch of Hephthalites ("White Huns").[20] Mr. Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar (D. B. Bhandarkar) (1875–1950) believed that Gurjars came into India with the Hunas, and the name was sanskritized to "Gurjara".[4] He also believed that several places in Central Asia, such as "Gurjistan", are named after the Gujars and that the reminiscences of Gujar migration is preserved in these names.[4] General Cunningham identified the Gurjars with Yuezhi or Tocharians.[21]

General Cunningham and A. H. Bingley consider the Gurjars as descendants of Kushan/Yueh-chi or Tocharians of Indo-Scythianstock.[22][23] In the past, Gurjars have also been hypothesized to be descended from the nomadic Khazar tribes, although the history of Khazars shows an entirely different politico-cultural ethos[24] In Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency, the British civil servant James M. Campbell identified Gujars with Khazars. Scott Cameron Levi, in his The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and its Trade, 1550-1900, mentions Kazar (Khazar, could also refer to Kassar) and Kujar (Gujar) as two different tribes with links to Central Asia.

Some others claim that the Gurjar caste is related to the Chechens and the Georgians, and argue that Georgia was traditionally called "Gujaristan" (actually Gorjestan).[25][25][26] However, there is little evidence for such claims. The word "Georgia" derived from the Arabic and Persian word Gurj, and not Gujjar or Gurjar.[27][28]

A 2009 study conducted by Tribal Research and Cultural Foundation, under the supervision of Gurjar scholar Dr.Javaid Rahi, claimed that the word "Gujar" has a Central Asian Turkic origin, written in romanized Turkish as Göçer. Study claimed that according to the new research, the Gurjar race "remained one of the most vibrant identity of Central Asia in BC era and later ruled over many princely states in northern India for hundred of years".[29]

According to Scholars such as Baijnath puri, Mount Abu (ancient Arbuda Mountain) region of present day Rajasthan had been abode of the Gurjars during medieval period.[30] The association of the Gurjars with the mountain is noticed in many inscriptions and epigraphs includingTilakamanjari of Dhanpala.[31] These Gurjars migrated from Arbuda mountain region and as eatly as sixth century A.D, they set up one or more principalities in Rajasthan and Gujarat.Whole or a larger part of Rajasthan and Gujarat had been long known as Gurjaratra (country ruled or protected by the Gurjars) or Gurjarabhumi (land of the Gurjars) for centuries prior to Mughal period.[32]

The sociologist G. S. Ghurye believes that the name Gujjar is derived from the principal profession followed by the tribe: cattle-breeding (theSanskrit word for cow is gau and the old Hindi word for sheep is gadar).,[33] though "Gujjar" has come from "Gurjar" which is a sanskrit word which according to Sanskrit Dictionary (Shakabada1181), has been explained thus: Gur+jar; 'Gur' means 'enemy' and 'jar' means 'destroyer'. The word means "Destroyer of the enemy" .[34][35] The word "Gurjar" predicts the qualities of a warrior community.[36]

Gurjar rulers

See also: Gurjara-Pratihara, Kushan Gurjar, Solanki, Chauhan, Parmara, Tomara, and Chapa (Gurjara) Dynasty

The Gurjara-Pratihara kingdom and other contemporary kingdoms.

According to some historical accounts, the kingdom with capital at Bhinmal (or Srimal) was established by the Gurjars. A minor kingdom of Bharuch was the offshoot of this Kingdom.[37]In 640-41 CE, the Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Hieun Tsang) described the kingdoms of Su-la-cha (identified with Saurashtra) and Kiu-che-lo (identified with Gurjara) in his writings. He stated that the Gurjaras ruled a rich and populous kingdom with capital at Bhinmal (Pilo-mo-lo).[38] According to his expositor, M. Vivien de St. Martin, Su-la-cha represents the modernGujarat, and Kiu-che-lo (Gurjjara), "the country of the Gujars", represents the region betweenAnhilwara and the Indus River, i.e. Sindh region.[39]

Vincent Smith believed that the Pratihara dynasty, which ruled a large kingdom in northern India from the 6th to the 11th centuries, and has been mentioned as "Gurjara-Pratiharas" in an inscription, was certainly of Gurjara origin. Smith also stated that there is possibility of other Agnikula Kshatriya clans being of same origin.[40] Dr. K. Jamanadas also states that the Pratihara clan descended from the Gurjars, and this "raises a strong presumption that the other Rajput clans also are the descendants from the Gurjaras or the allied foreign immigrants".[41] D. B. Bhandarkar also believed that Pratiharas were a clan of Gurjars.[4] In his book The Glory that was Gujardesh (1943), Gurjar writer K. M. Munshi stated that thePratiharas, the Paramaras and the Solankis were imperial Gujjars.

According a number of scholars Chauhan was a prominent clan of Gurjars.[42][43]

H. A. Rose and Denzil Ibbetson stated that there is no conclusive proof that the Agnikula Rajput clans are of Gurjara origin; they believed that there is possibility of the indigenous tribes adopting Gurjara names, when their founders were enfiefed by Gurjara rulers.[40] Some other historians believe that although some sections of the Pratiharas (e.g. the one to which Mathanadeva belonged) were Gurjars by caste, the Pratiharas of Kannauj were not Gurjars and there was no Gurjara empire in Northern India in 8th and 9th century.,[44][45] though from the work of other historians it has been known that Kannauj was capital of Gurjara-Pratihara.[46][47][48]

Historian Sir Jervoise Athelstane Baines also stated Gurjars as forefathers of Sisodiyas, chauhan, Parmar, Parihar and Chalukya.[49]

Chavdas, also known as Gurjar Chapas [50] was also one of the ruling clans of Gurjars,[51] who extended the power of the race in the south.[52]

The pratiharas belonged to the same clan that of Gurjaras was proved by the "Rajor inscription".From the phrase "Gurjara Pratiharanvayah" inscribed in the "Rajor inscription".[53] It is known that the Pratiharas belonged to the Gurjara clan.The Rashtrakuta records and the Arabian chronicles also identify the Pariharas with Gurjaras.[48]

Over the years, the Gurjars were assimilated mainly into the castes of Kshatriya varna, although some Gurjar groups (such as Gaur Gurjars of central India) are classified as Brahmins.During the Muslim rule, many of the Gurjars converted to Islam.[54] With the rise of Islam, Muslim Gujjars no longer adhered to their Kshatriya or Brahmin classification but retained clan names as a form of tribal recognition.Places such asGujranwala, Gujar Khan, Gujar Kot, Gujrat in Pakistan and the state of Gujarat in India are a testament to the Gurjar influence in the past.[7]

Gurjar pratihar rulers (650-1036 AD)
Dadda I-II-III	(650 - 750)
Nagabhata I	(750 - 780)
Vatsaraja	(780 - 800)
Nagabhata II	(800 - 833)
Ramabhadra	(833 - 836)
Mihir Bhoja the Great	(836 - 890)
Mahendrapala I	(890 - 910)
Bhoj II	(910 - 913)
Mahipala I	(913 - 944)
Mahendrapala II	(944 - 948)
Devpala	(948 - 954)
Vinaykpala	(954 - 955)
Mahipala II	(955 - 956)
Vijaypala II	(956 - 960)
Rajapala	(960 - 1018)
Trilochanpala	(1018 - 1027)
Jasapala (Yashpala)	(1024 - 1036)
Greatest ruler	Samraat Mihir Bhoj





Military dress and Equipment of early Medieval period Gurjars

The Epic Ancient Indian (Bharata)Gurjara Kingdom and other contemporary kingdoms.

The military code of Gurjaras are mentioned in the Kathakosaprakarana, Yasastilaka champuand the Tilakamanjari.Author S. R. Bakshi states that the description for Gurjar soldiers of Medieval period in the Yasastilaka champu is given as follows:

1. They had dhotis coming up to knees.

2. Their loins were girt with daggers mounted on the handles of buffalo horns.

3. The close and dense growth of hair that covering their bodies constituted as it were as armour for their entire body.

4. They appeared to be three-headed on account of quivers on both the right and left sides of their heads.

5. They surpassed even Krpa, Krpadharma, Karna, Arjuna, Drona, Drupada, Bhaga andBhargava in shooting swiftly, vigorously and accurately even distand objects. [55]

British rule

In the eighteenth century, several Gurjar chieftains and small kings were in power. During the reign of Rohilla Nawab Najib-ul-Daula, Dargahi Singh, the Gurjar chieftain of Dadri possessed 133 villages at a fixed revenue of Rs. 29,000.[56] A fort at Parlchhatgarh in Meerut District, also known as Qila Parikishatgarh, is ascribed to a Gurjar Raja Nain Singh.[57] According to a legend, the fort was built by Parikshit and restored by Nain Singh in the eighteenth century. The fort was dismantled in 1857, to be used as a police station.[58]

The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Gujars and Musalman (Muslim) Rajputs proved the "most irreconcilable enemies" of the British in the Bulandshahr area.[59] A band of rebellious Gurjars ransacked Bulandshahr after a revolt by the 9th Native Infantry on May 21, 1857. The British officers initially left for Meerut but later sent a small force to retake the town. The British forces were able to retake the town with the help ofDehra Gurkhas, but the Gujars rose again after the Gurkhas marched off to assist General Wilson's column in another area. Under the leadership of Walidad Khan of Malagarh, the British garrison was driven out the district. Walidad Khan held Bulandshahr from July to September, until he was expelled after an engagement with Colonel Greathed's flying column. On October 4, the Bulandshahr District was regularly occupied by the British Colonel Farquhar and measures of repression were adopted against the armed Gujars.

During the revolt of 1857, the Muslim Gujars in the villages of the Ludhiana District showed dissent to the British authorities.[60] The British interests in Gangoh city of Saharanpur District were threatened by the rebel Gujars under the self-styled Raja Fathua. These Gujars rebels were defeated by the British forces under H. D. Robertson and Lieutenant Boisragon, in June 1857.[61] The Gujars of Chundrowli rose against the British, under the leadership of Damar Ram. The Gujars of Shunkuri village, numbering around three thousand, joined the rebel sepoys. According to British records, the Gurjars plundered gunpowder and ammunition from the British and their allies.[62][63] In Delhi, the Metcalfe House was sacked by the Gurjar villagers from whom the land was taken to erect the building.[64] The British records claim that the Gujars carried out several robberies. Twenty Gujars were reported to have been beheaded by Rao Tula Ram for committing dacoities in July 1857.[62] In September 1857, the British were able to enliist the support of many Gujars at Meerut.[65] Some believe that the British classified the nomadic tribes as "criminal tribes" because they considered these tribes to be prone to criminality in the absence of legitimate means of livelihood, and also because of their participation in the revolt of 1857.[66] The Imperial Gazetteer of India stated that the Gujars were impoverished due to their "lawlessness in the Mutiny".[67] and that the Gujars in Delhi had a "bad reputation as thieves".[68] During the World War II, several Gurjars served in the British Indian army. Kamal Ram, a Gurjar sepoy, was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry.

Demographics

Stone pillar representing Gurjar-pratihar art.

Gurjars are mainly concentrated in the Indo-Gangetic plains, the Himalayan region, and eastern parts of Afghanistan, although the Gujjar diaspora is found in other places as well. A majority of Gurjars follow Hinduism and Islam, though small Gujjar communities following other religions exist.

India

In India, Gurjar populations are found mainly in Gujarat, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, northern Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan and Maharashtra. The semi-nomadic Gujjar groups are found in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and north-western Uttar Pradesh.[69] The name for the state ofGujarat has derived from "Gurjar".[70]

Gujari (or Gojri), classified under Rajasthani,[71] has traditionally been the primary language of the Gujjars. But, Gurjars living in different areas speak several other languages including Hindi,Marathi, Urdu, Punjabi, Pothohari, Pahari languages (such as Dogri and Kangri), Pashto language,Dardic languages (such as Kashmiri and Khowar), and Balti.

Gurjars in North India are now considered as a vote bank by some political parties.[72][73] Rajesh Pilot was a major Gurjar leader in North India. The Gujjars were classified as a Scheduled Tribe inHimachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, and as Other Backward Class in Rajasthan Haryanaand Madhya Pradesh & Uttar Pradesh.

Delhi

Gurjar Pratihars domination around ninth century.

Coin of Great Gurjar Samrat Mihir Bhoja.

There are near about 70 Gurjar dominated villages in Delhi, most of them concentrated in South and East Delhi. The main Gurjar gotras in Delhi are:

• Lohmod Lohia: (about 3 - 4 village in South delhi i.e. Aayanagar, Ghitorni & Nathupur)
• Dedha: (about 24 villages in East Delhi)
• Baisoya :(6 villages mainly in the central zone—Pilanji, Aliganj, Khairpur, Joodbagh, Purani Pilanji, Garhi-Jhariya Marhiya)
• Chaprana: 1 village Julaina which was established by Haryana's village Mewla's Gurjars since 150 years ago
• Basista/Bosatta: 2 villages in Delhi - Sarai Kale Khan and Khanpur
• Tanwar: 7 villages in Delhi namely Chandan Hola, Asola, Fathpur Beri, Mandi, Dera, Choti Bhati and Bhati Mines or Baas
• Bidhuri: 5-6 villages in Delhi such as Tughlaqabad, Madanpur Khadar and Jasola.
• Khari: 5-6 villages in Delhi such as Sultanpur, Rampura, Chandrawal and Wazirpur
• Rankne: 2 villages in Dellhi Aali and badarpur.
• Bainsla: Kotla Mubarak Pur one village in Delhi.
• Naagar: Hasanpur Nagla in East Delhi.
• Daak: 1 village tamur nagar.
• Maavi: 1 village Tekhand
• Koli: 1 village Zamrudpur



Haryana

Haryana has a big population of Gurjars, most of whom are engaged in farming. The main gotras of Gurjars of Haryana are:Ambavata(1 village in Gurgaon Ullawass and 2nd is Jonapur in Delhi), Chaprana (1 Village Mevla-Maharajpur), Basista/Bosatta (2 villages- Siha & Khatela), Bhadana (14 villages), Tanwar ( villages- Karna, Rampur), Kasana, Mavi (10 Village), Nagar (84 villages),Khatana (village Rithauz and 11 more), Dhakar (7 Village), Baisla (26 village), Phagna (1 Village) and Poswal (3 village), Chhokar 51 village in Panipat Rawal (81 village),Mundan(panwar),Devdhar,Rawat in yamunanagar,ambala disst., Chandila (5 villages)n chechi(25 villages),Chauhans (near Hissar).

The Gurjar community in Haryana has set elaborate guidelines for solemnizing marriages and holding other functions.[74] They also highly concentrated in Yamunanagar, Ambala, Krukshetra, Karnal, Panipat, Gurgaon, Kaithal, Hissar, and in many other cities.[citation needed] In amahapanchayat ("the great panchayat"), the Gujjar community decided that those who sought dowry would be excommunicated from the society.[75] Dasrath Bhadana, a Commando is now an officer in Indian Navy from Village Mandori near Mandkola awarded Saurya Chakra in Kashmir Valley.

Jammu and Kashmir

Gujjar girl of Jammu-Kashmir in traditional costumes.

In the Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir, the concentration of Gujjars is observed in the districts of Rajouri andPoonch, followed by, Ananatnag, Udhampur and Doda districts.[76] It is believed that Gujjars migrated to Jammu and Kashmir from Gujarat (via Rajasthan) and Hazara district of NWFP.[77] Another group calledBakarwal (or Bakerwal) belongs to the same ethnic stock as the Gujjars, and inter-marriages freely take place among them.

The Gujjars and the Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir were notified as the Scheduled Tribes vide the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 1991.[76] According to the 2001 Census of India, Gujjar is the most populous scheduled tribe in J&K, having a population of 763,806. Around 99.3 per cent population of Gujjar and Bakarwal in J&K follow Islam.[76] But according to local NGO namely Tribal Research And Cultural Foundation, Gujjars constitute more than 20% of total population of the State.[78]

The Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir in 2007 demanded to treat this tribal community as a linguistic minority in the State and provide constitutional safeguards to their language Gojri. They also impressed upon the state government to take up the matter with Delhi for inclusion of Gojri in the list of official languages of India.[79][80]

In 2002, some Gujjars and Bakarwals in J&K demanded a separate state (Gujaristan) for Gujjar and Bakerwal communities, under the banner of All India Gujjar Parishad.[81]

Van Gujjars

The Van Gujjars("forest Gujjars") are found in the Shivalik hills area of North India. The Van Gujjars follow Islam, and they have their own clans, similar to the Hindu gotras.[82] They are a pastoral semi-nomadic community, practising transhumance. In the winter season, the Van Gujjars migrate with their herds to the Shiwalik foothills, and in summer, they migrate to pastures high up in the mountains. The Van Gujjars have had conflicts with the forest authorities, who prohibited human and livestock populations inside a reserved park, and blamed the Van Gujjar community for poaching and timber smuggling.[82] After the creation of the Rajaji National Park (RNP), the Van Gujjars in Deharadun were asked to shift to a resettlement colony at Pathari near Hardwar. In 1992, when the Van Gujjars returned to the foothills, the RNP authorities tried to block them from the park area. The community fought back and finally the forest authorities had to relent.[83] Later, a community forest management (CFM) programme aiming to involve the Van Gujjars in forest management was launched.

Rajasthan

Fairs of Shri Devnarayan Bhagwan are organized two times in a year at Demali, Maalasheri, Asind and Jodhpuriya

Statue of Sri Sawai Bhoj Bagaravat, one of the 24 Gurjar brothers collectively known as Bagaravats, at Dev Dham Jodhpuriyatemple.

There is close connection between Pushkar and Gurjar community.Pushkar is considered one of the holiest place to visit.According to Rajputana Gazetteer Pushkar was held by Chechi Gujjars (Gurjars) till about 700 years ago.[84] According to a legend consort of Brahma, Goddess Gayatri, belonged to Chechi clan of the Gurjars.[85] There are still priests from Gurjar community inPushkar temple known as Bhopas.[86]

Songs pertaining to lord Krishna and Gurjars are well famous in Gurjar inhibited areas as Nand Mihir, the foster father of Lord Krishna, is said to belong to the Gurjars.[87] and Radha, the consort of Lord Krishna was also a Gurjari, belonging to village Barsana, near Mathura.[88]

The Rajasthani Gurjars worship the Sun God, God Devnarayan, Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva and Goddess Bhavani.[89][90][91] Major focus is given to worship lord Devnarayan as incarnation of lord Vishnu.

The Gurjars form two divisions here.They are Laur or Lava Gurjars, who claim to be descendant from Lava, son of lord Ramchandra and Khari Gurjars, who claim to be descendant from Kush, other son of lord Ramchandra.Lor Gurjars usually don't intermarry with Khari Gurjars, though both enjoy same social status.[92]

Gurjars form one of the major communities in Rajashtan, and are seen as a vote bank by political parties. The Gurjars of Rajasthan are predominantly rural, pastoral and agriculturist community. They keep cows, buffalo, goats and sheep for milk products.The Gujars lead a technologically simple life in close harmony with its natural environment. In Rajasthan, some members of the Gurjar community resorted to violent protests over the issue of reservation in 2006 and 2007. The more powerful and more influential Jat community had been included under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category, which prompted the Gurjars to demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status. During the 2003 election to the Rajasthan assembly, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) promised them ST status.[93] However, the party failed to keep its promise after coming to the power, resulting in protests by the Gujjars in September 2006.[94]

In May 2007, during violent protests over the reservation issue, the members of the Gurjar community clashed with the police twenty six people (including two policemen).[95] Subsequently, the Gurjars protested violently, under various groups including the Gurjar Sangarsh Samiti,[96] Gujjar Mahasabha[97] and the Gujjar Action Committee[98] The protestors blocked roads and set fire to two police stations and some vehicles.[99] Presently, the Gurjars in Rajasthan are classified as Other Backward Classes (OBCs).[100]

On June 5, 2007 the Gurjar rioted over their desire to be added to the governments of India list of tribes who are given preference in India government job selection as well as placement in the schools sponsored by the states of India. This preference is given under a system designed to help India's poor and disadvantaged citizens. However, other tribes on the list oppose this request as it would make it harder to obtain the few positions already set aside.[101]

In December 2007, the Akhil Bhartiya Gurjar Mahasabha ("All-India Gurjar Council") stated that the community would boycott BJP, which is in power in Rajasthan.[102] But now in 2009 all Gurjars were supporting BJP so that they can be politically benefitted. Kirori Singh Bainsala fought and lost at BJP ticket. In early 2000s, the Gujjar community in Rajasthan was also in news for the falling sex ratio, unavailability of brides and the resulting polyandry.[103][104]

In Rajasthan, a guest, even if he is total stranger, is treated with great courtesy and looked after with much warmth which is specially characteristic of rural people.[105]

See also: 2008 caste violence in Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

Kotwal Dhan Singh Gurjar, Indian freedom fighter of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

In Uttar Pradesh, the Gurjar populations are found mainly in the western U.P. region. This includesSaharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Bijnor, Moradabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Bulandshahar, Pilibhit andBareilly. In Noida to a lesser extent, they are also found in Rampur, Agra and Bundelkhand (Baghpat).

Generally, the Gurjars in Western U.P. and N.C.R. are well-off; their economy depends on agriculture, milk trade and production, and to a minor extent, real estate. Recently, the current generation boys & girls have started doing well in the field of education as well. Villages like Bhagout, Bhaidapur, Shaklpura, Dagarpur & Jawli have started progressing mainly because they are granting good education to their children.

Madhya Pradesh

According to the British records, the Gurjar population in Central India was around 56,000 in 1911. Most of these Gurjars were concentrated in the Nimar and Hoshangabad regions of the Narmada vallery. Most of these were migrants from the Gwalior region, Bhind Dist. in Gurjar Villages Kanathar, Kairora, Kaimokhari, Dandaraoa (famous Hanuman Temple), Katarol, Etayada, Bagarai, Habipura, Kadhuma, Karaua, like samething 50-60 villages in Bhind dist. in Madhya Pradesh. While some of the Gurjars in Nimar area were immigrants from Gujarat.[21] Presently, the Gurjars in Madhya Pradesh are classified as Other Backward Classes (OBCs).[106]

Gujarat and Maharashtra

A few scholars believe that the Leva Kunbis (or Kambis) of Gujarat, a section of the Patidars, are possibly of Gurjar origin.[107][108][109] However, several others state that the Patidars are Kurmis orKunbis (Kanbis);[110][111] the National Commission for Backward Classes of India lists Leva Patidars (or Lewa Petidars) as a sub-caste of Kunbis/Kurmis. Dode Gujar and Dore Gujar are listed as separate caste in Maharastra and Gujjar are included in OBC list in Gujarat but Patidars are not.[112] Most of Patidar associations clearly mention in their history that they are the part of Kurmi Samaj.[110][111][113][114][115][116][117]

Among Marathas, one of the major clans is called "Bargujar".[118] Prataprao Gujar was the third royal Sarnaubat (Commander-in-chief) of Maratha ruler Shivaji's army. Sidhoji Bargujar was a notable admiral in Shivaji's navy.[119] The Khandesh region in Maharashtra has a sizable Gujar population, the major sub-castes being Dode Gujar, Leva Gujar, Bargujar etc.

A community using Gurjar and Gurjarpadhye as their surnames resides in the coastal Konkan region of Maharashtra, inhabiting Pangre, Hasol, and other villages in Ratnagiri District. Originally bearing the name "Gurjarpadhye", many now prefer to call themselves Gurjar. The community may have been living in the Konkan region for at least three centuries, although this estimate may be inaccurate. The community is a sub-caste of the larger Karhade Brahmin group[120] and speaks the Marathi language. This community might be a part of the bigger Gujar community. However, it is difficult to explain how they settled down in the Konkan region and are Brahmins rather than Kshatriyas. Local pandits claim that the Gurjars are essentially a priestly community and that it is only the subcastes that assumed Kshatriya status in order to earn a livelihood in other more practical professions.

Gujar are also found in some clans of Kshtriya Dhangar.Dode Gujar and Dore Gujar are listed as separate caste in Maharastra and are included in OBC list in Maharashtra.

Gujars of Nagpur form one of the leading clan of Satghare or Seven Houses.Last prince of Nagpur was from Gurjar clan.[121]

There is also one another separate caste in Maharashtra called as "Reve Gujars". Dode Gujars and Reve Gujars speak a special kind of language called as "Gujari" or "Gujrau".

Pakistan

Choudhary Rahmat Ali

The Muslim Gujjars are considered to be a major tribe in Pakistan; in fact, they compromise as much as twenty percent of the country's entire populaion.[122] Gujjars have given their names to several places in Pakistan, including Gujranwala, Gujjar Nallah, Gujar Khan, Gojra and Gujrat. The Gujjars have migrated and settled in many urban areas of Pakistan. Islamabad, Sialkot, Lahore, Faisalabad and Karachi has now large Gujjar population. Some population is also present in urban and rural areas of Sindh andBalochistan. Male Gujjars are entitled to use the prefix Ch. (abbreviation for Chaudhury) in front of their first name. This acts as a courtesy title.

Pakistan Administered Kashmir

There are many prominent Gujjar families in the Pakistan Administered Kashmir , in the following places: Pramekot, Rahimkot, Riat, Dadyal, Mirpur, Bhalot Chowk (Mirpur), Mandi Village (Ddayal),Sahalia (Dadyal) Saliah Village (Dayal), Kund (Dadyal), Kotli (Khoi Ratta, Anderla Kothera, Shaheen Abad, Dakkhana, Phalini, Khor, Ghayeen, Kerjai, Barali Gala, Nidi Sohana. In the Nakiyal District, Kotli the Gujjars are majority, in population, business, education, and politics the majority of Gujjars families are settled in America, England, France, Canada and other European countries, the common Gujjars villages in Teh Nakiyal are Nirgal, Karaila, Lanjot, Mhandethar, Balmi, Narran ni Tarrar, Bhandi, Tharkundi, Palani, Jair, Mohrha sharief, Khandhar, Supply, Phanag, Sehnsa, Bagh (Haveli), Hajirah, Abbaspour Bura Jungle, Muzaffarabad and Neelum District.[citation needed]

Afghanistan

According to Asiatick Society (Calcutta, India), before the reign of ACHAR, all the Zamindaar (landlords) of Mandar Afghanistan were of the Gujar race.The Gujars of Afghanistan are still brave and most of them are pastoral.They are numerous in Hashtnagar district.[123] A significant number of Gujjars are also found in eastern Kunar province of Afghanistan.[124] In fact, they are mentioned in the national anthem of Afghanistan in the list of the names of the people. The Gujjars of Afghanistan speak Pashto as they have settled in Pashtuns dominated areas and have adopted their language.

See also

• List of Gujjars
• List of Gujjar Clans
• Gurjara Pratihara, Gurjar pratihars ruled much of Northern India from the 6th to the 11th centuries.
• Devnarayan, a folk deity worshiped as incarnation of Lord Vishnu mostly in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
• Devnarayan Ki Phad, Cloth paintings which depicts the legend of Shri Devnarayan.
• Gujari, Traditional language of the Gurjars.
• Bakarwal, a group closely related to the Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Rajasthani people



References

1. ^ Joshua Project. "Gujar Ethnic People in all Countries". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
2. ^ Joshua Project. "Gujar, Muslim Ethnic People in all Countries". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
3. ^ Joshua Project. "Gujar, Sikh Ethnic People in all Countries". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
4. ^ a b c d Bhandarkar, Devadatta Ramakrishna (1989). Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture. Asian Educational Services. p. 64. ISBN 8120604571.
5. ^ [1][dead link]
6. ^ Nau Nihal Singh (2003). The royal Gurjars: their contribution. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. pp. 329–330. ISBN 81-261-1414-2,ISBN 978-81-261-1414-6. "There used to be internecine conflicts between gods and demons.Gurjars fought against demons in order to put an end to their excesses on behalf of King dasrath.We get reference of Gurjar widows, whose husbands laid down their lives in the battlefield, having their heads tonsured as a mark of their bravement.This reference has been given in the stage 19 in the 35 canto of Yoga Vashistha."
7. ^ a b P.K. Mohanty (2006). Encyclopaedia Scheduled Tribes In India 5 Vol. Set. Gyan Publishing House. p. 184 to 185.ISBN 9788182050525. "At page 184 "Gujjars belonged to the Kshatria and Brahmin castes, while they formerly ruled the Gujara-Prathihara Kingdom....during the 6th and 12th Centuries" .At page 185 "With the decline of Budhism in the 8th-10th centuries in parts of northwest India, and the rise of brahmanism, Gujjars were mainly assimilated either into the Kshatriya or brahmin castes. While the majority of Gujjars are classified as Kshatriya, evidently from their clan/caste/family names such as chauhan, there are others who have been classified as very high brahmins"."
8. ^ Hari Shanker Sharma; Mohan Lal Sharma (1992). Geographical facets of Rajasthan. Kuldeep Publications. p. 262. "Gujar is Kshatriya caste of the Hindus"
9. ^ Jeremy Page (30 May 2008). "India's Gujjar caste fight for a downgrade". The Times. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
10. ^ Sharma, RS (2001,2003). "6". Early medieval Indian society: a study in feudalisation. Orient Longman Private Limited. p. 207.ISBN 8125025235. Retrieved 30 November 2009. "It would be wrong to think that all foreigners were accepted as kshatriya and Rajputs for, in course of time, the Gujar people broke up into brahmans, banias, potters, goldsmiths, not to speak of herdsmen and cultivators (kunbis), who were looked upon as sudras."
11. ^ "Gurjara-Pratihara Dynastyrv". Britannica Concise.Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-05-31.[dead link]
12. ^ Kamal Prashad Sharma; Surinder Mohan Sethi (1997).Costumes and ornaments of Chamba. ISBN 9788173870675.
13. ^ Lālatā Prasāda Pāṇḍeya (1971). Sun-worship in ancient India. Motilal Banarasidass. p. 245.
14. ^ Bombay (India : State) (1901). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 9, Part 1. Govt. Central Press. p. 479.
15. ^ Chandrasekharendra Saraswati (Jagatguru Sankaracharya of Kamakoti); Śaṅkarācārya, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (2001). Śri Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya's Saundaryalaharī. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 339.
16. ^ Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar (1989). Some aspects of ancient Indian culture. Asian Educational Services. p. 64. ISBN 8120604571, ISBN 9788120604575.
17. ^ Nau Nihal Singh (2003). The royal Gurjars: their contribution. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. pp. 329–330. ISBN 8126114142, ISBN 978-81-261-1414-6. "There used to be internecine conflicts between gods and demons.Gurjars fought against demons in order to put an end to their excesses on behalf of King dasrath.We get reference of Gurjar widows, whose husbands laid down their lives in the battlefield, having their heads tonsured as a mark of their bravement.This reference has been given in the stage 19 in the 35 canto of Yoga Vashistha."
18. ^ stage 19 in the 35 canto of Yoga Vashistha
19. ^ Nau Nihal Singh (2003). The royal Gurjars: their contribution. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. pp. 329–330. ISBN 8126114142, ISBN 978-81-261-1414-6. "In mahabharat war Gurjar supported Pandavas under the leaderships of lord krishna.There are evidences that Gurjar also followed Lord Krishna when the later migrated from mathura to dwarka."
20. ^ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1999) [1904]. The Early History of India; From 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest Including The Invasion of Alexander The Great. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. pp. 166–174. ISBN 8171566189.
21. ^ a b Russell, R. V; R.B.H. Lai (1995). Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Asian Educational Services. pp. 166–174. ISBN 812060833X.
22. ^ Parvez Dewan (2004). Parvez Dewan's Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh. Manas Publications. p. 361. ISBN 9788170491798.OCLC 55616090.
23. ^ Ajay Singh Rawat (1993). Man and forests: the Khatta and Gujjar settlements of sub-Himalayan Tarai. Indus Publishing. p. 106.ISBN 9788185182971.
24. ^ Parishad, Bharatiya Gurjar (1996). Gurjara aura Unakā Itihāsa meṃ Yogadāna Vishaya para Prathama Itihāsa Sammelana. The Packard Humanities Institute. pp. 34–65. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
25. ^ a b Stephen M. Lyon. "Gujars and Gujarism: simple quaum versus network activism". University of Kent at Canterbury. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
26. ^ "Gujjars from Georgia: seminar". The Tribune. 1999-05-12. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
27. ^ Curtis, Glenn E. (2004). Georgia a Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 1419121650.
28. ^ Nasmyth, Peter (2001). Georgia: In the Mountains of Poetry. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 0700713956.
29. ^ "www.dailyexcelsior.com". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
30. ^ Kulbhushan Warikoo; Sujit Som. Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. "Dr. B. N. Puri who wrote a thesis Gujjar Pratihar at oxford university states that the Gurjars were local people .."
31. ^ Sudarśana Śarmā (2002). Tilakamañjarī of Dhanapāla: a critical and cultural study. Parimal Publications. p. 214.
32. ^ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, A. K. Majumdar, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1977). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 153.
33. ^ Caste And Race In India by G. S. Ghurye. Popular Prakashan 2004 reprint page: 31,32,33.
34. ^ Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya, Kulbhushan Warikoo, Sujit Som (2000*). Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. p. 4. ""Gurjar" is a sanskrit word which has been explained thus: Gur+Ujjar;'Gur' means 'enemy' and 'ujjar' means 'destroyer'.The word means "Destroyer of the enemy"."
35. ^ Bhāratīya Gurjara Parishada (1993). Gurjara aura Unakā Itihāsa meṃ Yogadāna Vishaya para Prathama ..., Volume 2. Bharatiya Gurjar Parisha. p. 27. "Sanskrit Dictionary Compiled by Pandit Radha Kant (Shakabada 1181) explains: Gurjar=Gur (enemy)+Ujar(destroyer)"
36. ^ India. Office of the Registrar General (1961). Census of India, Volume 20, Part 6, Issue 27. Manager of Publications. p. 7. "These people used to enjoy a title of 'Gorjan' (Leader of masses).In sanskrit the word Gurjar was used and now-a-days Gujjar is used in place of Gurjar which predicts the qualities of a warrior community."
37. ^ Malabari, Behramji Merwanji; Krishnalal M. Jhaveri (1998).Gujarat and the Gujaratis: Pictures of Men and Manners Taken from Life. Asian Educational Services. p. 2. ISBN 8120606515.
38. ^ Campbell, James MacNabb; Reginald Edward Enthoven (1901).Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Govt. Central Press. p. 2.ISBN 8120606515.
39. ^ "Juzr or Jurz.". Persian Texts in Translation. The Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
40. ^ a b Rose, Horace Arthur; Ibbetson (1990). Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province. Asian Educational Services. p. 300. ISBN 8120605055.
41. ^ Jamanadas, K.. "Rajput Period Was Dark Age Of India".Decline And Fall Of Buddhism: A tragedy in Ancient India. New Delhi: Bluemoon Books. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
42. ^ Dasharatha Sharma (1975). Early Chauhān dynasties: a study of Chauhān political history, Chauhān political institutions, and life in the Chauhān dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D.. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 280. ISBN 0842606181, ISBN 978-0-8426-0618-9. "According to a number of scholars, the agnikula clas were originally Gurjaras."
43. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1834). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1999. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland.. p. 651. "By that marriage Haarsha had contracted an alliance with the dominant race of the Gurjaras, of whom the chohans were a prominent clan."
44. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (2002) [1976]. Readings in Political History of India, Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern. B.R. Pub. Corp (on behalf of Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies), D.K. Publishers' Distributors. p. 209. "But he refused to believe that the Imperial Pratiharas of Kanauj were also Gujars in this sense."
45. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 2. Digital South Asia Library. p. 320. Retrieved 2007-05-31. "But whatever our theories regarding the infusion of Gujar blood among the Rajputs, there was certainly no Gurjara (Gujar) empire in Northern India"
46. ^ Kulke, Hermann (2004). A history of India (4, illustrated ed.). Routledge, 2004. pp. 432 pages. ISBN 0415329205, ISBN 9780415329200. "In 9th century the Gurjara pratiharas kings, Bhoja (836-885) and Mahendrapala (885-910), proved to be more powerful than their contemporaries of the other two dynasties whom they defeated several times.Kanauj then emerged as the main focus of power in India. ."
47. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1954) [1954]. The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. G. Allen & Unwin, original from-the University of Michigan. "Rajasekharan, the great poet and playwright at the Gurjara-pratihara court ofKannauj.."
48. ^ a b Chopra, Pran Nath (2003). A comprehensive history of ancient India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 196. ISBN 8120725034, ISBN 978-81-207-2503-4. "Al-Masudi who visited his (Gurjara mahipala) court, also refers to the great power and resources of the Gurjara pratihara rules of Kannauj."
49. ^ Sir Jervoise Athelstane Baines (1912). Ethnography: castes and tribes, Volume 2,Part 5. K.J. Trübner. p. 31. "sun and fire worshiping huna or Gurjara was converted into the blue blood of Rajputana, and became the forefathers of the Sisodia, chahaun, parmar, parihar or calukya,.."
50. ^ Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya (1979). History of mediaeval Hindu India, Volume 1. Cosmo Publications. p. 355.
51. ^ Bombay Gazetter vol. 1 part 1 PP 467
52. ^ Vincent A. Smith. 'White Hun' Coin of Vyaghramukha of the Chapa (Gurjara) Dynasty of Bhinmal:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1999. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland.. p. 926. "The chavadas seems to have been a branch of the Gurjaras who extended the power of the race in the south"
53. ^ University of Kerala, Dept. of History (1963). Journal of Indian history, Volume 41. Dept. of History, University of Kerala,Original from the University of California. p. 765. "Gurjara-Prathiranvaya, of the Rajor inscription, which was incised more than a hundred years later than Bhoja's Gwalior prasasti, nearly fifty years later than the works of the poet rajasekhara."
54. ^ "The Gujur Rajasthani of South Asia". Bethany World Prayer Center. 1997. Archived from the original on 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
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60. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 16. Digital South Asia Library. p. 201. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
61. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 12. Digital South Asia Library. p. 139. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
62. ^ a b Jivanlala (Jeewan Lal), Munshi; Mu'in al-Din Hasan Khan (1974) [1898]. "Narrative Of Munshi Jeewan Lal". In Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe. Two Native Narratives of the Mutiny in Delhi. Seema Publications (original publisher: A. Constable & Co). pp. 10–27. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
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65. ^ C.R. Bijoy (February 2003). The Adivasis of India - A History of Discrimination, Conflict, and Resistance. People's Union for Civil Liberties.
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67. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 9. Digital South Asia Library. p. 55. Retrieved 2007-05-31. "In 1860, the same tracts suffeered, being largely inhabited by Gujars, still impoverished due to their lawlessness in the Mutiny"
68. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 11. Digital South Asia Library. p. 226. Retrieved 2007-05-31. "The Gujars (28,ooo) are nearly all Hindus; they have a bad reputation as thieves, and levy a kind of blackmail on the residents of the civil station by ensuring that the rash householder who does not employ a Gujar watchman shall infallibly have his house robbed."
69. ^ Chib, Sukhdev Singh (1977). Himachal Pradesh. Light & Life Publishers. p. 99.
70. ^ Gujrat Government. "Gujrat state official site". "The State took it's name from the Gujara, the land of the Gujjars, who ruled the area during the 700's and 800's."
71. ^ Dr. R.P. Khatana. "Gujari Language and Identity in Jammu and Kashmir". Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). Retrieved 2007-05-31.
72. ^ "Congress lauds Gujjar, Poorvanchal voters". The Hindu. 2004-05-16. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
73. ^ "BJP adds a twist to Pilot's maiden show". The Hindu. 2004-04-03. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
74. ^ Chattar Pal Tanwar (2003-08-03). "Anti-dowry campaign renewed before marriage season". The Tribune, Chandigarh. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
75. ^ Parmindar Singh (2003-06-29). "No band, no dhol, and just 11 baratis". The Tribune, Chandigarh. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
76. ^ a b c "Jammu & Kashmir Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes". Census of India 2001. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
77. ^ Kapoor, A. K.; M. K. Raha, D. Basu, Satwanti Kapoor (1994).Ecology and man in the Himalayas. M. D. Publications. pp. 43–44.ISBN 978-8185880167.
78. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir Gujjars, Bakerwals advance seasonal migration by a month". The Hindu. 2010-03-29. "The Gujjars constituted more than 20 per cent population of the State"
79. ^ "Meri News". Meri News. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
80. ^ "Kashmir Watch". Kashmir Watch. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
81. ^ "Gujjars, Bakerwals demand Gujaristan in J&K". Indian Express. 2002-07-29. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
82. ^ a b Radhakrishna Rao (2000-09-04). "Outside the jungle book".Business Line. The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
83. ^ Gooch, Pernille (1998). At the Tail of the Buffalo: Van Gujjar pastoralists between the forest and the world arena. Dept. of Sociology, Lund University. ISBN 9189078535.
84. ^ Bombay (India : State) (1901). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 9,Part 1. Govt. Central Press. p. 490.
85. ^ "पुष्करः स्था के सरोवर में डुब".
86. ^ Social science probings,Volume 10. People's Pub. House. 1993. p. 49.
87. ^ J. Kennedy (1907). The child Krishna, Christianity and the Gujars. Royal Asiatic Society.
88. ^ Taran Singh (1992). Guru Nanak, his mind and art. Bahri Publications. p. 142. ISBN 8170340667, ISBN 978-81-7034-066-9.
89. ^ Daniel Neuman; Shubha Chaudhuri, Komal Kothari (2007).Bards, ballads and boundaries: an ethnographic atlas of music traditions in West Rajasthan. Seagull. ISBN 1905422075, ISBN 9781905422074. "Devnarayan is worshipped as an avatar or incarnation of Vishnu. This epic is associated with the Gujar caste"
90. ^ Indian studies: past & present, Volume 11. Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers. 1970. p. 385. "The Gujars of Punjab, North Gujarat and Western Rajasthan worship Sitala and Bhavani"
91. ^ Lālatā Prasāda Pāṇḍeya (1971). Sun-worship in ancient India. Motilal Banarasidass. p. 245.
92. ^ Bombay (India : State) (1901). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 9, Part 1. Govt. Central Press. p. 491.
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94. ^ "Gujjar community goes berserk in Rajasthan". Yahoo! News. 2006-09-05. Retrieved 2007-05-31.[dead link]
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96. ^ "Talks between Rajasthan Government, Gujjars collapse". Zee News. 2007-05-30. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
97. ^ "Gujjars seek resignation of Minister Kalulal Gujjar". Deccan Herald. 2007-05-30. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
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107. ^ B K., Mohapatra; R. Trivedi, A. K. Mehta, J. M. Vyas, V. K. Kashyap (June 2004). "Genetic Diversity at 15 Fluorescent-Labeled Short Tandem Repeat Loci in the Patel and Other Communities of Gujarat, India.". American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology 25 (2): 108–112.doi:10.1097/01.paf.0000114137.01885.01. Retrieved 2007-05-31. "They are a section of the Kambi who address themselves as Patidar, and probably they are Gujjar in origin.".
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External links

*	Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gurjar



• Report of NDTV on Baisoya Gurjars of Kalka Garhi (a village in central Delhi) and their traditions including their ruling monarchs
• Most active Gujjar discussion forum with almost every possible information on Gujjars
• Gujjar International Forum
• Website telling about Gurjar history and their origin
• First web platform for Gurjars with more than 1000 registered members
• Article on Gujjars from book People of India Volume XXIV Himachal Pradesh
• Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir



Further reading

• Ratanlala Varma, Bhāratīya saṃskr̥ti ke rakshaka, Bharatiya Gurjara Parishad, 1987
• Rana Ali Hasan Chauhan, A short history of the Gurjars: (past and present), Begum Akbar Jahan Foundation of Gurjar Desh Charitable Trust, 2001
• Jayasimha, Gurjara aura Unakā Itihāsa meṃ Yogadāna Vishaya para Prathama Itihāsa Sammelana, Volume 1,Bharatiya Gurjara Parishad, 1993
• Ganapati Simha, 1857 ke Gūjara śahīda: Bhāratīya itihāsa kā śānadāra adhyāya, Cau. Jñānendra Siṃha Bhaḍānā, 1984
• Mulatānasiṃha Varmā, Deśa, videśa meṃ Gurjara kyā haiṃ tathā kyā the?: Gurjara itihāsa, Akhila Bhāratīya Gurjara Samāja Sudhāra Sabhā, 1984

  [show]v · d · eKshatriya communities

  
  

  [show]v · d · eClans of the Gurjars

  
  

  [show]v · d · eEthnic groups, social groups and tribes of the Punjab

  
  
  

  Categories: Gurjar | Ethnic groups in India | Ethnic groups in Afghanistan | Indo-Scythian peoples | Social groups of Pakistan | Social groups of Rajasthan | Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir | Kashmiri tribes | Punjabi tribes | Hindkowan tribes | Social groups of Uttar Pradesh | Social groups of Madhya Pradesh | Social groups of Haryana | Social groups of Punjab (Pakistan) | Social groups of Himachal Pradesh | Ethnic groups in Kunar Province | Ruling Hindu clans | Hindu communities | Kshatriya | Indo-Aryan peoples | Indian warriors |Demographic history of India

  
  
  

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  	Introduction || Conservation || Census || || Forests Management || Special Projects || Constraints || Conflicts || Action Points Back Introduction          Corbett has aptly been described as the land of the Roar, Trumpet and Song. It represents a scene of remarkable beauty. Corbett had the proud distinction of being chosen as the venue for the inauguration of Project Tiger in India. The rich biodiversity of the Reserve is partly attributed to the variety of habitat found here. Due to the location of the Reserve in the foothills of the Central Himalayas both Himalayan and peninsular flora and fauna is found in the Reserve. The grasslands are locally known as Chaurs, are limited. The largest grassland is the Dhikala Chaur. Some of the best grasslands including the famous Buxar Chaur and the Beri Chaur got submerged under the Ramganga reservoir in the villages, Dhara, Jhirna and Kothirau in 1994 are being developed into grasslands through habitat management. The Ramganga reservoir which came into being in 1974 stretches over an area of around 82 sq. km. with one half each in Corbett National Park and Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary. The Corbett Tiger Reserve has a great variety of fauna on account of habitat diversity. It is very rich in avifauna. Zoological Survey of India has recorded over 585 species of resident and migratory birds here. ^ Top Conservation History The Reserve area was named as 'Hailey National Park' in 1936. This was renamed in 1954-55 as 'Ramganga National Park' and again in 1955-56 as ^ Top Census Wild Species 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Tiger 123 128 134 -- 138 Panther 100 102 110 -- 109 Elephant 417 -- 502 -- 746 Cheetal 36525 -- 31919 -- -- Sambar 5576 -- 5695 -- 5757 Barking Deer 2262 -- 2271 -- 2229 Hog Deer 292 -- 294 -- 477 Bear 54 -- 58 -- 40 Wild Boar 7670 -- 7711 -- 7906 Ghariyal 224 -- 123 -- 283 Mugar 118 -- 119 -- 301 Ghoral 424 -- 433 -- 451 Monkey 12663 -- 12574 -- 12764 Langur 14091 -- 14187 -- 14300 Blue Bull -- -- 313 -- 466 Offence Cases Year Total Case 1993-1994 189 1994-1995 261 1995-1996 363 1996-1997 350 1997-1998 335 ^ Top Information not available ^ Top Forest Types Northern Moist Deciduous, Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous, Himalayan Subtropical Pine Forests Major Flora Main Species Sal, Khair, Sissoo, Ber, Kuthber, Bel, Chbilla, Dhak, Semal, Khingan, Kharpat, Rohini, Bakli, Pula and Bamboo Major Fauna Main Species Mammals: Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Cheetal , Sambar , Hog Deer, Barking Deer , Wildboar Langoor And Rhesus Monkey. Birds : Peacock, Jungle Fowl, Partridges, Kaleej, Crow, Vulture, Parakeets, Laughing Thrush, Orioles, King Fishers, Drongo, Doves, Woodpeckers, Ducks, Teals, Storks, Cormorants and Seagulls . Reptile : Indian Marsh Crocodiles Or Mugger , Gharials , King Cobra, Common Krait , Cobra, Russel , Python and Monitor Lizard . Pisces : Mahaseer , Kalimuchi , Kalabasu , Chilwa and Goonch. ^ Top Management The main focus of the management is on protection. The other thrust areas are habitat and water management. Corbett management is also focusing on ecotourism. ^ Top Special Projects Development of Interpretive Facilities - Under the aegis of the Indo-US Sub Commission on Science and Technology, the Wildlife Institute of India in collaboration with US Fish & Wildlife Service has initiated a project entitled Planning and Development of Interpretive Facilities in Corbett National Park. Corbett Centre for Conservation - An ambitious Corbett Centre for Conservation is being developed at Kalagarh on the boundary of Corbett National Park. The establishment of this facility is one of the major components of the World Bank aided UP Forestry Project. This centre will be developed in such a fashion so as to meet the training, research and extension requirements of the Wildlife Preservation Organization and the Forest Department of U.P. Construction of residential and mess facilities for 40 persons is in progress New Initiatives Several important initiatives have been taken by the Corbett Tiger Reserve management during the last five years. Eco-development The UP Forest Department has formulated guidelines on eco-development. Eco-development forms one of the important components under the World Bank aided UP Forestry Project. Eco-development Committees are being formed in villages situated in the peripheral areas of Corbett Tiger Reserve. So far, twelve eco-development committees have been formed. A Spearhead Team for CTR was trained by WII during October, 1997. With the help of this team, staff, NGOs and Eco-development Committee members are being trained in participatory methods for microplanning and monitoring at Corbett Centre for Conservation by conducting workshops and study tours. During 1998, two cluster workshops were conducted for field staff from protected areas (PAs) of Uttarakhand. Seven Spearhead Team from different PAs of UP were trained in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology and technique of microplanning. EDC members from 22 villages were trained in three workshops so as to enable them to discharge their responsibilities effectively. Several workshops have also been conducted at village and range level as part of the microplanning process. Booklets in Hindi on different aspects of eco-development are being brought out as resource material for these workshops. Jaiv Vividhata Sanrakshan main Sahabhagita Kyon Aur Kaise and Microplanning Vidhi Aur Prarup have already been published and operational guidelines for eco-development are being prepared. The first microplan was prepared for Dhikolia village in December 1997 under the supervision of the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Subsequently, three more microplans were prepared for Dhela, Dhikuli and Ringora villages. The programme is being implemented in these four villages. Microplanning is in advanced stages of completion in another eight villages. Nature Guide Programme In 1993, a training course of two and a half-month duration was organised for 25 educated unemployed youth. The participants were trained in natural history, visitor management and park interpretation and subsequently registered as nature guides in Corbett. Shortage of guides led to the organization of a second course in 1995 in which another batch of 25 youth received training. The establishment of the guide service has convincingly demonstrated that Corbett has the potential to provide economic benefits to the local people through such linkages. An additional benefit has been that Reserve staff who used to be preoccupied with the duty of guiding the visitors is now free to carry management activities. Eco-tourism Workshops of various stakeholders connected with ecotourism in Corbett, Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary and Garhwal region have been organised to develop understanding and agreement between different stakeholders so as to ensure biodiversity conservation and maximize benefits to the local communities. Voluntary Support The Government of Uttar Pradesh has authorized the Directors of National Parks to accept voluntary gifts from visitors and NGOs. The Director maintains an account of the gifts received and send information to the Government. Stone Masonry Wall The Central Government has sanctioned Rs.141.00 lakhs for the construction of a 12-km. long stone masonry wall on the southern boundary of Corbett where it comes in direct contact with agricultural fields. NGO Support NGOs have come forward to assist Corbett in strengthening protection measures. Education and Awareness Visitor Centre - A visitor centre has been constructed to commemorate the Corbett Newsletter - Corbett National Park became the first NP of India to have its own in-house magazine when the Corbett newsletter was first launched in April 1994. It is a quarterly publication with alternate issue in Hindi and English. The newsletter contains reports on incidents and activities in Corbett, policy changes and management initiatives and in depth articles on wildlife conservation specially those related to tiger. The Hindi edition is distributed free of cost to the villagers, school children and staff. ^ Top Constraints Fire : S.No Year Area Burnt (in Ha.) Area burnt in percentage (%) 20. 1992-93 72.00 0.05 21. 1993-94 440.00 0.33 22. 1994-95 4645.00 3.52 23. 1995-96 1040.00 0.79 24. 1996-97 41.00 0.03 25. 1998-99* 41.00 0.014 *Till 30 June 98 Poaching of fauna and flora : Year Timber Poaching Fishing 1993-94 115 05 05 1994-95 138 08 07 1995-96 181 08 23 1996-97 153 21 11 1997-98 162 12 16 Human population There is no village inside the Tiger Reserve. There are 92 villages at the distance of 2-3 km. from the boundary of Tiger Reserve. The human population of these villages is around 65,982. Livestock population Livestock population of 92 villages around the reserve is 44,416. Highways No Highway passes through the Reserve. There is a State Highway (Moradabad-Tehari S.H.No.4) lying on the Eastern boundary of Corbett Tiger Reserve from Ramnagar to Marchula for about 35 km. Encroachment There is total encroachment of 13.62 ha. by 74 families. Weeds The spread of exotic weeds such as Lantana, Parthenium and Cassia species is posing a major threat to the habitat. Vast stretches of the Reserve are choked with Lantana growth. Parthenium is invading fresh areas aggressively. Dam The construction of the multipurpose dam at Kalagarh across the Ramganga river in 1974 led to the submergence of 80 sq. km. of prime low lying riverine area, which abounded in ungulates and predators including tigers. As a result swamp deer has become locally extinct and there is a great reduction in the population of hog deer. Over the years, the reservoir has led to an increase in the number of aquatic fauna including muggers. The reservoir now provides an additional habitat for winter migrants. ^ Top Conflicts Man-Animal Cattle lifting by tiger and leopard takes places. There have been cases of poisoning of cattle kill carcasses by villagers. Man-Forest People in the villages around the reserve exploitation natural sources by way of cutting of trees and grasses. ^ Top Action Points 1. Magisterial power to officers 2. More vehicles: 4 wheelers for Range Officers and 2 Wheelers for Deputy Ranger/Forester. 3. Wireless network to forest guard level 4. More support such as house, education for children, drinking water, medical care for staff 5. Increase in patrolling/anti-poaching activities 6. Special allowance for staff 7. Rewards for staff (like Governor's medal, President's Medal) 8. Intelligence fund 9. Smooth flow of funds 10. Sensitization of Police/Administration/Judiciary etc. 11. Filling up of vacancies Back

  
  

  http://projecttiger.nic.in/corbett.htm

  Tiger Project area fraught with risks

  TNN, Jan 13, 2011, 12.34am IST
  
  DALTONGANJ: A high power transmission line between Betla and Chipadohar in Palamu Tiger Reserve cuts through Betla National Park and the line wires sags dangerously.
  
  There have been five deaths of tuskers since 1998-2010 when their trunk came in contact with the low-level high transmission line wire. The Project Tiger officials kept reminding the electricity department to increase the height of the wire of the high transmission but to no avail.
  
  The Tiger Project is fraught with risks like this as railway lines also truncate the entire tiger reserve.
  
  According to a member of the Government of India s National Tiger Conservation Authority Management, Effective Evaluation East and North East, D S Srivastava, the railway line falls on the migratory route of the elephants in compartment one and two of Saidupe.
  
  Read more: Tiger Project area fraught with risks - The Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Tiger-Project-area-fraught-with-risks/articleshow/7272040.cms#ixzz1B7TSXdjQ

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