बैरी टोन मैजिक और पेट में तितलियां
शांतता,मोनसैंटो बिजनस एवम् देश बेचने का दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा शो चालू आहे
निसार मैं तेरी गलियों के अए वतन, कि जहाँ
चली है रस्म कि कोई न सर उठा के चले
जो कोई चाहनेवाला तवाफ़ को निकले
नज़र चुरा के चले, जिस्म-ओ-जाँ बचा के चले
पलाश विश्वास
देश के कृषि मंत्री ने कर दिया है ऐलान के अब आत्मत्या कर रहे किसानों के लिए जैविक यानी जिनेटिकैली मोडीफाइड फसल की जीने का सहारा है।कि जीएम बीज के कारोबार पर एकाधिकार जिस सर्वनाशी मोनसैंटो समूह का है,डाउ कैमिकल्स के साथ हमारी कयामत में भी उसकी बराबर की हिस्सेदारी है।
यह बजट से पहले होने वाली कारपोरेट बैठक के बाद पहला फतवा हरियाली के जैविक हो जाने का है कि दूसरे चरण के आर्थिक सुधारों का मतलब दूसरे चरण की हरित क्रांति भी। शत प्रतिशत हिंदुत्व बिजनेस फ्रेंडली मिनिमम गवर्नेंस की असल एजंडा वहींच।
बजट में मेकिंग इन का जलवा कृषि विकास दर में जोरदार छलांगा की तैयारी वहींच।बाकी आंकड़े इमर्जिंग मार्केटके रिवाजोमुताबेक।
हमने चिकित्सकों से बातचीत जो की सो की।आयुर्वेद और योगाब्यास के धूमधड़के के मुताबिक सच यह है कि जीवनशैली भले हम बदल दें लेकिन आहार हम नहीं बदल सकते क्योंकि अनाज के हर दाने में जहर है।साग सब्जी फल दूध दही घी मक्खन में जहर है।
अनाज के हर बीज में भोपाल गैस त्रासदी है और विकलांग मानवता है।कि विकलांग नागरिता के लिए न्याय और समानता सिर्फ छलावा है।सत्ता की राजनीति है।विचारधाराओं की लहलहाती दुकानें है।
यही है हरित क्रांति कि विशुद्ध आक्सीजन के रईस,पैदल दिनचर्या की उतार चढ़ाई के बावजूद पहाड़ों में भी मधुमेह का प्रकोप है।
हरित क्रांति यहींच।मोनसैंटो बसंत बहार है।
आईपीएल ग्लोबल बैरीटोन घर बाहर ग्लोबल ग्लोबल।
Monsanto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto
Monsanto Company is a publicly traded American multinational agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation headquartered in Creve Coeur, .
Live IND vs PAK: पाकिस्तान का पहला विकेट गिरा.. स्कोर 14/1, भारत 300/7
खबरों में सबसे बड़ी खबरजारी है बैरीटोन आंखों देखा हाल और हमउ निहाल।पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट टीम ने आईसीसी क्रिकेट विश्व कप में भारत के खिलाफ 300 रन का पीछा करते हुए अपना पहला विकेट गवां दिया। युनिस खान 6 रन बनाकर शमी की गेंद पर आउट हुए। अहमद शहजाद चार रन और हारिस सोहेल दो रन बनाकर खेल रहे हैं। खबर लिखने तक पाकिस्तान ने 3 ओवर में एक विकेट गवांकर 18 रन बनाए। इससे पहले विराट कोहली ने शतक जड़कर फॉर्म में वापसी की जिससे भारत ने आईसीसी क्रिकेट विश्व कप के अपने शुरुआती ग्रुप मैच में चिर प्रतिद्वंद्वी पाकिस्तान के खिलाफ सात विकेट पर 300 रन बनाए। टॉस जीतकर बल्लेबाजी करने उतरे भारत की ओर से कोहली ने एडिलेड ओवल के अपने पसंदीदा मैदान पर 126 गेंद में आठ ..
मोदी के पंद्रह लाख का सूट।उसपर बैरीटोन कामेंट्री।
क्रिकेट जितना जानते होंगे अमिताभ,उससे क्या कम जानते होंगे मोदी महाराज।
दोनों देश को जिताने लगे हैं।
बतर्ज तरुण विजय दिल्ली हारे तो क्या हारे ,हारे नहीं देश।
कैरी पैकर के सर्कस से अलहदा रहे गावस्कर को अब गम नहीं सताता होगा कोय कि वे भी बीसीसीआई के धंधे में है।
आईपीएल के गुनाहगारों से पूछेगा नहीं सवाल कोई कि भारत को फिर विश्व चैंपियन बनना है।
पचास ओवर में भारत के ठीक तीन सौ रन जो कम बताये जा रहे हैं क्योंकि नये नियमों के तहत विश्वकप खेला जा रहा है।
भारत लंच पर और पेट में तितलियां।
इंडियन एक्सप्रेस के हमारे मित्र शमीक किसी पाल बाबा से कम सटीक नहीं है।आईपीएल नाइट राइडर जीतेगा,पहले ही मैच के बाद उनने कह दिया था।
लातिन अमेरिकी विश्वकप न अर्जेंटीना जीतेगा और न ब्राजील यह भी उनने कहा था।
इसबार एकमुश्त मोदी की मेकिंग इन और बैरीटन अमिताभी की कसम खाकर भारत के पहले मैच से पहले उनने चेताया कि भारतीय गेंदबाजों की कमजोरी में मत जाइये।
भारत हार गया तो इस ग्लोबल सर्कस का क्या होगा,समझने वाली बात है।
शमीक का कहना है बिलियन बिलियन डालर जो दांव पर हैं,एक अदद खिताब के लिए छोड़ देंगे साहबान,ऐसा हरगिज ना सोचें और पिच वहां भारत जैसी बनी हैं जहां स्पिनर भी चलेंगे और बल्लेबाज भी।
कप की पहली पारी में शिखर धवन भी चले हैं और रैना ने भी धूम धड़ाका कर दिया है।
शमीक के मुताबिक विश्वकप सर्कस के कारोबार आईपीएल के लिहाज से सेमीफाइनल से पहले भारत बाहर न हो,इसका चाकचौबंद इंतजाम है।
तितलियां पेट में होती है,यही तो किरकेट का मजा है।
हमारे मसीहा प्रभाष जोशी तो इन्हीं तितलियों के खातिर अपनी जान कुर्बान कर दी।उनने क्रिकेट,आपरेशन ब्लू स्टार और सतीत्व से ज्यादा बहुचर्चित कुछ और लिखा है तो हम उनकी भाषा का तिलिस्म फोड़कर समझ नहीं सके हैं।
तितलियां वे भी खूब खूब उड़ाते रहे हैं और हमारी बिरादरी तितलियों के किल में जाहिर है कि मस्त मलंगो हैं।
सुबह सुबह कर्नल साहेबका फोन आया कि विद्यार्थियों के बीच बारासात में इकानामी का प्रेजेंटेशन है,मुझे वहां पहुंचना चाहिए।कल रात पंजाब से फोन आया कि अंबेडकरवादियों का जमावड़ा फिर पहली मार्च को पुणे में होना है और आपको पहुंचना है।
अंबेडकरवादी बैठकें,चर्चा और सम्मेलन खूब करते रहते हैं ,लेकिन नतीजा वही सिफर है।बख्श दें हमें।
अरसा बीता कि उनने मेरी कलम छीन ली है।
अब उनने मेरी उंगलियां भी काट ली है।
दिन में दो मेल कर सकता हूं ।घर से।
वही मेरे औजार हैं फिलवक्त और घर बाहर मैं निहत्था हूं।
आवाज अभी सही सलामत है बहरहाल लेकिन सड़क पर उतरने की कोई तैयारी नहीं है।
हमारे सबसे बड़े और सबसे महबूब शायर फैज के लफ्जों मेंः
निसार मैं तेरी गलियों के अए वतन, कि जहाँ
चली है रस्म कि कोई न सर उठा के चले
जो कोई चाहनेवाला तवाफ़ को निकले
नज़र चुरा के चले, जिस्म-ओ-जाँ बचा के चले
है अहल-ए-दिल के लिये अब ये नज़्म-ए-बस्त-ओ-कुशाद
कि संग-ओ-ख़िश्त मुक़य्यद हैं और सग आज़ाद
बहोत हैं ज़ुल्म के दस्त-ए-बहाना-जू के लिये
जो चंद अहल-ए-जुनूँ तेरे नाम लेवा हैं
बने हैं अहल-ए-हवस मुद्दई भी, मुंसिफ़ भी
किसे वकील करें, किस से मुंसिफ़ी चाहें
मगर गुज़रनेवालों के दिन गुज़रते हैं
तेरे फ़िराक़ में यूँ सुबह-ओ-शाम करते हैं
बुझा जो रौज़न-ए-ज़िंदाँ तो दिल ये समझा है
कि तेरी मांग सितारों से भर गई होगी
चमक उठे हैं सलासिल तो हमने जाना है
कि अब सहर तेरे रुख़ पर बिखर गई होगी
ग़रज़ तसव्वुर-ए-शाम-ओ-सहर में जीते हैं
गिरफ़्त-ए-साया-ए-दिवार-ओ-दर में जीते हैं
यूँ ही हमेशा उलझती रही है ज़ुल्म से ख़ल्क़
न उनकी रस्म नई है, न अपनी रीत नई
यूँ ही हमेशा खिलाये हैं हमने आग में फूल
न उनकी हार नई है न अपनी जीत नई
इसी सबब से फ़लक का गिला नहीं करते
तेरे फ़िराक़ में हम दिल बुरा नहीं करते
ग़र आज तुझसे जुदा हैं तो कल बहम होंगे
ये रात भर की जुदाई तो कोई बात नहीं
ग़र आज औज पे है ताल-ए-रक़ीब तो क्या
ये चार दिन की ख़ुदाई तो कोई बात नहीं
जो तुझसे अह्द-ए-वफ़ा उस्तवार रखते हैं
इलाज-ए-गर्दिश-ए-लैल-ओ-निहार रखते हैं
सविता ने कर्नल साहेब से निवेदन किया है कि चाहे जितना लेट हों,सोदपुर होकर लौटें और रात का टिफिन यहीं से जायेगा।
सुबह ही उनने मुझे बाजार दौड़ा दिया तो रास्ते में इलाके के सबसे बड़े कामरेड से हो गयी मुलाकात।
कहा भी मैंने कि अंबेडकरी दुकानों की दिलचस्पी जनता के मुद्दों में नहीं हैं।
गांधी के चेले देश बेच रहे हैं।
समाजवादियों में बारी मारामारी है।संघ परिवार जो है जो है,संघपरिवार का बाप मैदान में है।
संघ परिवार हारा तो बाप का राज होगा।
जनता को निजात मिलेगी नहीं।
जो लोग अंबेडकरी वामपंथ की गुहार लगाते हुए देश के सर्वहारा तबके ,निनानब्वे फीसद जनता को गोलबंद करने की गुहार लगाते रहे हैं और अभी अभी दिवंगत हुए,उन अनिल सरकार और उन तुलसीराम जी को कामरेड लोग याद भी नहीं कर रहे हैं तो हम कैसे समझें की तेइस साल की खामोशी तोड़कर प्रतिरोध में वामपंथ की वापसी होगी।
तबतक कामरेड को दूसार कामरेड मिल गये।बाद में बात करेंगे कहकर उनन टाटा बाय बाय कह दिया।जवाब लेकिन हमें नहीं मिला है।
सारे कामरेडों के लिए सवाल लेकिन यही है।
धोनी के हैलीकाप्टर शाट नहींं चला और न जाडेजा चले।
पाक टीम में दरवज्जा तोड़कर घुसेला सोहेल खान ने आखिरी ओवर में कहर बरपा दिया।हैट्रिक न कर सकें तो क्या धनी और जडेजा को मैदान बाहर कर दिया।
पेट में तितलियां।
IND
300/7 (50)
PAK
133/5 (30.3)
#IndvsPak: पाकिस्तानी पारी बिखरने के बाद क्या मिसबाह और अफ़रीदी सँभाल पाएँगे टीम को- http://bbc.in/17c18rH
गनीमत है कि पेट में तितलियां हैं मगर फिर भी लंच तो लेना ही पड़ा।
शमीक का कहना लिखना सही लग रहा है।पांच ओवर में अश्विन ने तीन मेडन फेंके।कामेंट्री कर रहे शोएब अख्तर परेशां हैं तो धोनी की कप्तानी की की तारीफ कर रहे हैं सौरभ गांगुली।शोेएब कह रहे हैं कि अब अफरीदी और अल्लाह का भरोसा है।
बाइस गज की जमीन पर जब भारत पाक ऐसा महाभारत हो तो उन्माद और धर्मोन्माद के कारोबारियों के मजे ही मजे हैं।
जय हो जय हो जय जयजयजय मुक्ताबाजार।
शोएब भी कह रहे हैं कि कोई चमत्कार ही ही कर दें अफरीदी और मिसबा तो जीत जाये मैच यह पाकिस्तान।
हो सकता है,हो भी जाये।
भारत पक्ष से चुटकी यह कि अफरीदी के भरोसे पाकिस्तान ,बहुत खराब वक्त है पाकिस्तान का।
अब हम जो अच्छे दिनों के लिए मोदी के भरोसे हैं और लोकतंत्र की वापसी के लिए आप भरोसे हैं तो न जाने कैसा कैसा वक्त होगा भारत का भी।सोच लें भारत पक्ष।सोच लें जनपक्ष।
टुसु ने फोन करके पूछा कि बनगांव में क्या हो रहा है और पिर भविष्यवाणी कर दी कि भारत हार रहा है।पेट में तितलियां।
टुसु महाराज ने लगता है कि भविष्यवाणी करने से पहले इमरान दैत्य का फूटता गुब्बारे का ख्याल नहीं रखा हो और भारतीय गेंदबाजों पर भरोसा रखते न हों।या यह पेट में तितलियों का कमाल हो।
सारे बंगाल के लोग सारे मुद्दे भूलकर इस सवाल के मुखातिब है कि दीदी का क्या होने जा रहा है क्योंकि कल शाम ही सांध्य दैनिक सत्यजुग ने दावा कर दिया कि अब दीदी की गिरफ्तारी की हरी झंडी सीबीआई को मिल चुकी है दिल्ली से।
एक्सकैलिबर स्टीवेंस ने दूसरा फोन इसलिए किया कि मुकुल राय ने साफ कर दिया कि दीदी की नहीं है उनकी पार्टी और तृणमूल कांग्रेस का रजिस्ट्रेशन मुकुल राय के नाम है।
एक्सकैलिबर इन दिनों काम के जुगाड़ में हैं और लिख नहीं रहे हैं।लेकिन उनकी नजर बनी हुई है।हम उनके लिए काम खोज पा नहीं रहे हैं।उसकी तेज नजर लेकिन हालातेसूरत पर है।
लिखना छोड़कर एबीपी आनंद का पैनल रेस्त्रां ब्राउज किया तो वहां बहस चल रही थी कि दीदी के कांग्रेस से बहिस्कृत होने से पहले मुकुल राय ने निजी हैसियत से नय़ी पार्टी तृणमूल कांग्रेस बाने की अर्जी दी थी और उसी अर्जी मुताबिक मां माटी मानुष की यह पार्टी बनी।
कांग्रेस से बहिस्कृत होने के बाद अपनी संसदीय कुर्सी सुरक्षित हो जाने के बाद दीदी इस पार्टी की नेता बन गयीं।तब सांसद अजित पांजा ने बिना बहिस्कृत हुए दीदी के साथ होने का ऐलान जरुर कर दिया था।पार्टी संविधान में चैयरमैन नहीं हैं और सर्वसर्वा महासचिव है जो मुकुल राय है।
कल तक बंगाल में आकाश वाताश में एक ही गूंज थीः तुमि आमार,तोमाय भालोबासि।
आज हालत यह है कि हर कहीं एक ही यक्षप्रश्न तृणमूल तुमि कार।
हाईकोर्ट के वकील अरुणाभ घोष के मुताबिक किसी व्यक्ति की मिल्कियत नहीं हो सकती कोई पार्टी।बहरहाल मालिकाना के परस्परविरोधी दावे से तत्काल चुनाव चिन्ह फ्रीज हो सकता है।
पेट में तितलियां।
वनगांव में वोटिंग के वक्त खामोशी रही जबर्दस्त।बड़ोमां गुपचुप वोट डाल आयी और बड़ी कोई हिंसा की वारदात नहीं हुई।
मुकुल राय मध्यग्राम में बइठे रहे और उनके तमाम सेनानी वनगांव में घूमते रहे।
आम जनता समझ रही थी कि तृणमूल को वाकओवर मिल गया।
अगले ही दिन मुकुल राय के डैने छंट गये और आज मुकुलबाबू का जवाबी हमला।
दीदी ने बहरहाल संदिग्ध दिनेश त्रिवेदी समेत सभी संदेहजनक दल तोड़ुओं को रेवड़ियां इफारत बांट दी हैं लेकिन अब मंजर जो है सो तृणमूल दो फाड़ है।
खबर है कि दीदी को खबर हो गयी कि वनगांव में मुकुल राय ने केशरिया कमल कमल खिला दिया है।
बंगाल के सारे पेट,सारे दिल और सारे दिमाग तितलियों से बेदखल है जैसे बेदखल है पूरा भारत शत प्रतिशत हिंदुत्व से और जैसा हमने लिखा भी है कि दिल्ली में अरविंद केजरीवाल और अन्ना के सत्याग्रह से लेकिन नरमेधी अश्वमेध घोड़े के खुरों में बंधी तलवारों की खून की प्यास मिटेंगी नहीं और दिल्ली की हुकूमतपर डाउ कैमिकल्स काबिज है।
#CWC15: Umesh Yadav puts India on top at Adelaide Oval.
सबकुछ वैसा ही हो रहा है।
अब तो अल्लाह के भी मदद के आसार नहीं है और शमीकबाबू के कहे मुताबिक भारतीय पिच पर एडिलेड में फिर पाकिस्तान को करारी शिकस्त है तो अब चाहे मोदी महाराज और उनकी डाउ कैमिकल्स हमें जहर दें या सद्दी की तर्ज परहमारी गरदन चाक कर दें।
#IndvsPak: भारत ने मैच पर नियंत्रण मज़बूत कर लिया है, क्या अब जीत सुनिश्चित है?
#IndvsPak: भारत ने मैच पर नियंत्रण मज़बूत कर लिया है, क्या अब जीत सुनिश्चित है?
गंगासागर का किस्सा बयां करते हुए हर साल अपने गुरुजी कहते रहे हैं कि फलां नगा सन्यासिनी ने कहा हैः दुनिया इधर है,तेरा ध्यान किधर है,वैसा ही हूबहू हो रहा है।
जो हो रहा है,लोगों को दीख नहीं रहा है।
रोहित शर्मा फेल। 73 रन ठोंककर विराट की गलती पर शिखर धवन आउट और पेट में तितलियां।
विराट कोहली ने अपने पहले ही मैच में शतक ठोंक कर अनुष्का का चेहरा थाउजेंड थाउजेंड वैलेंटाइन बना दिया कि पेट में तितलियां। विश्वकप के अपने पहले ही मैच में शतक वीर बने विराट लेकिन फिर भी पेट में तितलियां।
बेरोजगार,भूखे,आत्महत्या के विकल्प के सहारे जीते देव देवियों और अवतारों के अधभक्त उपभोक्ता नागरिकों के लिए अनाज हो या न हो,हवा पानी हो न हो,जल जंगल जमीन पहाड़ समुदर आसमान रोजगार आजीविका अमन चैन हो या न हो पेट में तितलियां जरुर है।
कल कोलकाता में पचास रुपये भाव बिक रहा था एक एक गुलाब।
दोपहर को शनिवार के दिन नैहाटी लोकल में प्रेमी प्रेमिकाओं की भीड़ इतनी की डेढ़ घंटे लग आधे घंचे के सफर में कि तमाम ट्रेनों में भीड़ इतनी रही की ट्रेनें छूटतीं रही दिनभर कि ट्राफिक जाम रहा वैलेंटाइन कार्निवाल में और टीनएजर बच्चे हमारे बहुबाजार के गहनों के बाजार में बड़ी संख्या में खरीददारी करते रहे हैं।दफ्तर घंटेभर फिर भी पेट में तितलियां है।
सुबह ही मोहल्ले की जो हिंदुस्तानी बस्ती है,वहां हिंदुस्तानी बच्चों ने राष्ट्रीय झंडा झुकाकर बैनर बना दिया।
हम बच्चों के मुखातिब हुए।पूछा उनसे कि राष्ट्रीय ध्वज झुकाकर क्यों लगाया कि क्या राष्ट्रीय शोक है।
बच्चों ने हुलसकर कहा कि हिंदुस्तान पाकिस्तान मैच है और हिंदुस्तान जीतेगा।
गौरतलब है कि बेरोजगारी इस हिंदस्तानी बस्ती के बच्चे महंगे केबुल पर मैच देख नहीं रहे हैं।स्कोर सुन सुनकर उचाला मार रहे हैं।
जबकि यह बस्ती भी प्रोमोटर के हवाले है।
बंगाल में हिंदुस्तानी का मतलब हिंदुत्व हरगिज नहीं है।हिंदुस्तानी यानी हिंदीभाषी।मसलन जैसे हम हिंदी अखबरा में काम करते हैं।
हिंदी में लिखते पढ़ते बोलते हैं तो हम भी हुए हिंदुस्तानी।
यह बस्ती दरअसल सड़के के उस पार जो नवउदारवाद के अभ्युदय के बाद बंद कांचकल है,उसके मजदूर रहे हैं।हिंदी स्कूल यहां आजादी के पहले से बना है और प्रोमोटर के निशाने पर है ।जैसा कि कांचकल में आवासीय परिसर कोई महंगा बनने वाला है।
यहां लोग रोज रोज कुंआ खोदकर पानी पीते हैं।
रोज रोज मरते हैं और रोज रोज जीते हैं।
मेरी खिड़कियों के बाहर उन बच्चों की उधम से अक्सर मैं डिस्टर्ब होता हूं और कभी कभी सविता बाबू उन्हें गली में खेलने से सख्त मनाही का फरमान सुना देती है।
कुल पच्चीस परिवार है।
मुख्य सड़क बारासात रोज पर है यह बस्ती जबतक फ्लैट बनकर तैयार होंगे,पचास लाख का भाव करोड़ दोकरोड़ का हो जाना तय है।
इस इलाके में किराये का रूम भी दस हजार के नीचे नहीं मिलता।
इसी बस्ती की लीलीवती हमारे घर में सविता की रसोई की जान है।
इसी बस्ती की वजह से हमारे यहां लिट्टी ठेकुआ और गुजिया की बहार है।इस बस्ती के तमाम लोग हमारे परिजन हैं।
इसी बस्ती के छोटे बड़े तमाम बच्चे हमारे दोस्त हैं।
फिर भी लानत हम पर कि हम उनके लिए कुछ भी करने की हालत में नहीं हैं।इतने लाचार,इतने बेबस हम स्वजनों के वधस्थल पर मूक तमाशबीन हैं।
वे कल तक शिकायत कर रहे थे कि सारे बड़े लोगों ने पैसा खा रखा है और प्रोमोटर पच्चीस फ्लैट तो देगा नहीं।
अब कहां जायें।
हम बेबस मामूली पत्रकार।
उनकी फिक्र के साथ अपनी छत की फिक्र भी है।
आज किसी को कोई फिक्र नहीं है।
सारे लोगों के पेट में तितलियां हैं।
सबसे हसीन दिलफरेब तितलियां तो मोदी बाबू की जुबान पर बसती हैं और उनकी तितलियों की परों पर जैविकी आनुवंशिकी फसल का मोनसैंटो खिल रहा है।जैसे उनकी हुकूमत डाउ कैमिकल्स है।
दिल्ली चुनाव से निबटने के बाद डाउ कैमिकल्स के बजट के इंतजारे में है देश कि अब भी देखना बाकी है पंद्रह लाख की सूटों की वसंत बहार कि अब भी देखना बाकी है हिंदुत्व की बुलेट जेट हीरक उड़ानें कि अब भी देखना बाकी है कि अच्छे दिनों के हसीं ख्वाब कितने हसीन हो सकते हैं।
बाइस गज की जमीन पर फिर वहीं कुरुक्षेत्र है जो इस महादेश के लहूलुहान दिलोदिमाग रुह और जिस्म का असली बसेरा है और अब फिलहाल सारा युद्ध्,सारे उन्माद और साली राष्ट्रीयता का वहीं खुल्ला बाजार है।वह बैरीटोन मैजिक जिसने भारतीय सिनेमा और समांतर सिनेमा को बिन मुद्दे का मनोरंजन बनाने का सबसे बड़ा मेगा स्टार है।
बैरी टोन मैजिक और पेट में तितलियां
शांतता,मोनसैंटो बिजनस एवम् देश बेचने का दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा शो चालू आहे
निसार मैं तेरी गलियों के अए वतन, कि जहाँ
चली है रस्म कि कोई न सर उठा के चले
जो कोई चाहनेवाला तवाफ़ को निकले
नज़र चुरा के चले, जिस्म-ओ-जाँ बचा के चले
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Row as ex-MEP takes up lobbyist role for GM firm
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CounterCurrents.org-26-Jan-2015
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Monsanto plans first Russian seed plant
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PARIS, France (Reuters) — Monsanto plans to open its first plant in Russia ...Monsanto, whose MON 810 corn is the sole GM crop allowed for ...
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Science AAAS-11-Feb-2015
A nonprofit group opposed to GM products filed a flurry of freedom of ... The list includes Monsanto, Syngenta, DuPont, Dow, major biotech and ...
Why GM is the natural solution for future farming
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In the US around 90% of corn is from GM crops. ... Other objections are over the effect of GM on biodiversity – which is equivocal and more ...
Maharashtra approves field trials for four GM crops
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The Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises Agricultural Group (ABLE-AG), a GM-advocacy body, and Monsanto India declined to ...
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Aug 10, 2014 - India: Selling Out To Monsanto. GMOs and the Bigger Picture India: Selling Out To Monsanto. GMOs and the Bigger Picture By Colin Todhunter Global Research, ...
March Against Monsanto | It's Time To Take Our Planet Back
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The Monsanto Company and its chemicals and GMO seeds have long been implicated in the mass deaths of beneficial insects, and now yet another report is ...
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आनुवांशिक कबाड़ को रोकना
हमारी खेती द्वारा पैदा की गई फसलों को अतीत में कभी भी इस तरह के परीक्षण से नहीं गुजरना पड़ा। लेकिन विशेष रूप से जीई (जेनेटिकली इंजीनियर्ड) या जीएम (जनेटिकली मोडिफाइड) फसलों के लिए जांच या परीक्षण जरूरी हैं।
जीई फसलें डीएनए को पुनर्संयोजित करने वाली प्रौद्योगिकी (Recombinant DNA technology) के माध्यम से प्रयोगशाला में कृत्रिम रूप से तैयार किए गए पादप जीव हैं। आनुवांशिकी इंजीनियरिंग (जीई) की अनिश्चितता और अपरिवर्तनीयता ने इस प्रौद्योगिकी पर बहुत सारे सवाल खड़े कर दिए हैं। इससे भी आगे, विभिन्न अध्ययनों ने यह पाया है कि जीई फसलें पर्यावरण को नुकसान पहुंचाती हैं और इससे मानव स्वास्थ्य को संकट की आशंका है। इन सबके परिणामस्वरूप, इस खतरनाक प्रौद्योगिकी को अमल में लाने की आवश्यकता पर दुनिया भर में विवाद खड़ा हो गया है।
भारत एवं अन्य बहुत सारे देशों में, पर्यावरण में छोड़े जा रहे जीई या जीएम पौधों-जंतुओं (organism) के विरूद्ध प्रचार के साथ ग्रीनपीस का कृषि पटल पर पदार्पण हुआ। जीई फसलें जिन चीजों का प्रतिनिधित्व करती हैं वे सब हमारी खेती के लिए वाहियात हैं। वे हमारी जैवविविधता के विनाश और हमारे भोजन एवं खेती पर निगमों के बढ़ते नियंत्रण को कायम रखती हैं।
अभियान कथा:
जीई विरुद्ध अभियान ने देश में जीई फसलों की जरूरत पर एक गंभीर बहस सुनिश्चित करने में योगदान दिया है। यह भी सुनिश्चित किया गया है कि भारत किसी जीएम खाद्य फसल के व्यावसायीकरण को मंजूरी नहीं देता है।
यह अभियान हमारे देश में जीएम फसलों के प्रवेश के विरुद्ध एक साहसिक मोर्चा तैयार करने के लिए किसानों, उपभोक्ताओं, व्यापारियों, वैज्ञानिकों एवं अन्य नागरिक समाज संगठनों को एक साथ लाया है। इसके परिणामस्वरूप, व्यावसायिक उद्देश्य से आए पहले जीएम खाद्य फसल बीटी बैंगन पर अनिश्चितकालीन स्थगन प्राप्त हुआ। यद्यपि बीटी बैंगन को अभी रोक दिया गया है लेकिन आनुवांशिक रूपांतरण से तैयार की जा रही 56 अन्य फसलें मंजूरी के इंतजार में हैं। इन सबके बीच चावल नेतृत्व की भूमिका में है। यदि इसे रोका नहीं गया तो पूरा देश जीएम बीज कंपनियों के लिए एक बड़ी फीडि़ंग प्रयोगशाला (feeding experiment) हो जाएगा।
यह अभियान किसी जीएम फसल को देश में प्रवेश से रोकने के लिए मौजूदा नियामक व्यवस्था के छिद्रों को पाटने की कोशिश कर रहा है। हम सरकार से एक जैव-सुरक्षा व्यवस्था (या कानून) के साथ आगे बढ़ने लिए कह रहे हैं जो नागरिकों के स्वास्थ्य, पर्यावरणीय सुरक्षा एवं राष्ट्र के सामाजिक-आर्थिक ढांचे की प्राथमिकता को तय करेगा।
चूंकि आम नागरिक एक उपभोक्ता है और उसे जीएम मुक्त भोजन का अधिकार है, हम उपभोक्ताओं को इस बात के लिए जागरूक करते आ रहे हैं एवं देश के खाद्य (फूड) ब्रांडों के साथ लगे हुए हैं ताकि देश के भोजन उद्योग का जीएम मुक्त रहना सुनिश्चित हो सके। देश में पहली बार जीएम खाद्य एवं खाद्य कंपनियों के विरुद्ध एक उपभोक्ता अभियान इस विचार को लेकर आरंभ हुआ है।
सारांशतः, हमारी बुनियादी मांगें हैं:
1. पर्यावरण में किसी भी तरह के जीएम जीवों की रिहाई पर पूर्ण प्रतिबंध, चाहे वह व्यावसायिक कृषि के लिए हो या प्रयोग एवं अनुसंधान के लिए।
2. कृषि-पारिस्थितिक पद्धतियों को चिह्नित करने वाले पारिस्थितिक विकल्पों के वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान पर पुनः ध्यान देना जो बदलते जलवायु के साथ खाद्य सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करती हों।
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प्राइम टाइम इंट्रो : जीएम फूड खेती की समस्या का अचूक समाधान है?
Ravish Kumar, Last Updated: जुलाई 30, 2014 10:02 PM IST
यू- टूब पर कई डॉक्यूमेंट्री मिल जाएगी तो कई विश्वसनीय वेबसाइट पर खूब सारे लेख। फिलहाल टीवी के लिए हम चंद सवालों तक सीमित रहेंगे।
क्या जी एम फूड हमारे स्वास्थ्य के लिए सही है?
क्या जीएम फूड खेती की समस्या का अचूक समाधान है?
क्या जीएम फूड से खेती पर कॉरपोरेट का कब्ज़ा हो जाएगा?
जीएम फूड के बीज के दाम पर किसका नियंत्रण होगा?
क्या जीएम फूड से हमारे खेतों की जैव विविधता समाप्त हो जाएगी?
मोटे तौर पर हमारे स्वास्थ्य पर असर और जीएम बीजों पर कंपनियों के एकाधिकार का सवाल महत्वपूर्ण है। एकाधिकार का मतलब है कि आप बीटी चने का बीज एक ही कंपनी से खरीदेंगे और कंपनी तय करेगी कि कितना दाम होगा। हर साल नई बीज खरीदनी होगी।
जैसे अभी कोई कीटनाशक दवा फेल हो जाती है तो किसान कंपनियों से ये तक नहीं पूछ पाता कि आपने ऐसा दावा क्यों किया था। बीज के बारे में यही हाल है। हमारे देश में इन चीज़ों पर नियंत्रण रखने की कोई विश्वसनीय संस्था तक नहीं है।
एक जानकार ने कहा कि अगर सरकार संतुष्ट ही है कि जीएम फूड होना चाहिए तो पूसा जैसे अपने कृषि संस्थानों को क्यों नहीं कहती कि जीएम बीजों का उत्पादन करे और किसानों में बांटे। अगर यही समाधान है तो सरकार क्यों नहीं देती।
हाल का विवाद इसलिए उठा है कि क्योंकि खबर आई कि जैव इंजीनियरिंग पुनरीक्षण कमेटी यानी जी ई ए सी ने भारत में 15 जैव फसलों के परीक्षण की अनुमति दे दी है। अनुमति देने वाली संस्था पर्यावरण मंत्रालय के अधीन है।
इसलिए आरएसएस से जुड़े स्वदेशी जागरण मंच और भारतीय किसान संघ ने पर्यावरण मंत्री प्रकाश जावड़ेकर से मिलकर फील्ड परीक्षण की अनुमति का विरोध किया। मंत्री ने स्वदेशी जागरण मंच को आश्वस्त किया कि ऐसा कुछ नहीं होगा। प्रतिनिधिमंडल ने मंत्री जी को याद दिलाया कि संसद की स्टैंडिंग कमेटी ने भी जीएम फसलों पर 9 अगस्त 2013 को अपनी रिपोर्ट पेश की थी जिसमें किसी भी प्रकार के परीक्षण को रोकने का सुझाव दिया है। जब तक ऐसी नियामक संस्था न बन जाए जीएम फसलों के ट्रायल की अनुमति नहीं देनी चाहिए क्योंकि अगर एक बार आपने जीएम फसल लगा दी तो वापस आप उस खेत में पुराने बीज से खेती नहीं कर सकेंगे।
कोई वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन नहीं है जो बताता हो कि जीएम टेक्नोलजी से उत्पादकता बढ़ती है। जीएम टेक्नालजी कुछ ही कंपनियां बनाती हैं, लिहाज़ा भारत की खाद्य सुरक्षा दो चार कंपनियों के हाथ में चली जाएंगी। सरकार को उद्योगों और संस्थाओं से तैयार रिपोर्ट पर भरोसा नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि अतीत में इन कंपनियों के ऐसी रपटों में हेराफेरी के मामले सामने आए हैं।
भारतीय किसान यूनियन ने भी मुख्यमंत्री अखिलेश यादव को खत लिखकर विरोध करने की मांग की है।
लेफ्ट से लेकर राइट तक इसके खिलाफ फाइट कर रहे हैं तो इसके फेवर में फाइट करने वालों की कोई कमी नहीं है। अपने पाठकों की वित्तीय सहायता से चलने वाली वेबसाइट न्यूज़ लॉन्ड्री में आनंद रंगनाथन ने तीन-तीन लेख लिखे हैं और जीएम फसलों का पक्ष लिया है।
जब हम अमरीकी मेडिकल उपकरण, दवायें, इंटरनेट और फेसबुक पर भरोसा करते हैं तो जीएम फूड पर क्यों नहीं कर सकते?
यह दावा सही नहीं है कि जीएम फूड से लिवर से लेकर किडनी तक फेल हो जाता है। कैंसर होता है।
ऐसे दावों को यूरोपीयन फूड एंड सेफ्टी अथारिटी ने सही नहीं पाया था दावा भी वापस लेना पड़ा था। अमरीका, चीन और यूरोप के कई देश जीएम फसलों को उगाने लगे हैं।
आनंद बताते हैं कि कैसे जीएम फूड के कारण किडनी लीवर फेल होने के दावे वैज्ञानिक जांच के आगे टिक नहीं सके। आखिर अमरीका ऐसी फसलों को क्यों खाएगा मगर वहां की नियामक संस्था की ईमानदारी पर भी सवाल उठ चुके हैं। अतीत में कई दवाओं के साथ हुआ है। जब तक उनका पेटेंट होता है तब तक कंपनियां अरबों डॉलर का मुनाफा बटोरने में लगी रहती हैं और जैसे ही पेटेंट खत्म होता है एक अध्ययन आ जाता है कि इसके इस्तेमाल से कैंसर होता है, वगैरह वगैरह।
हिन्दू अखबार में छपे अपने लेख में शिव विश्वनाथन विज्ञान को लेकर सार्वजनिक बहस और बीज के नियंत्रण का सवाल उठाते हैं।
भारत में इस विवाद की शुरुआत इक्कीसवदीं सदी के पहले दूसरे साल में होती है, जब गुजरात में स्मगलिंग के रास्ते जीएम टेक्नालजी का ट्रांसफर होता है। खुद सरकार और कंपनी जानकर हैरान रह गई थी।
वंदना शिवा ने यह आधार बनाया कि बायो और जेनेटिक तकनीक से खेतों की जैव विविधता खत्म हो जाती है। जैव विविधता मतलब आप गन्ने के साथ कुछ और नहीं उगा पायेंगे। खेतों में कुछ अच्छे खर पतवार भी होते हैं वे भी नष्ट हो जायेंगे। कापीराइट कंपनियों का होगा किसानों का नहीं। किसान संगठन की मांग ठीक है कि जब विज्ञान के इस प्रयोग को लेकर सार्वजनिक बहस होनी चाहिए। यह भी सवाल उठा कि जीएम फसलों के परीक्षण की अनुमति देने वाली संस्था जी ई ए सी कितनी तटस्थ है।
क्या गारंटी है कि इस संस्था ने दबाव में आकर काम नहीं किया होगा। सुरक्षा का मामला कैसे तय होगा। सुरक्षा के सवाल में किसानों की आजीविका का सवाल है या नहीं। विश्वनाथन चाहते हैं कि इस मसले से जुड़े हर सवाल पर अलग-अलग स्तर की बहस होनी चाहिए। नागरिकों को पहले संतुष्ट किया जाना चाहिए फिर अनुमति दी जानी चाहिए।
नरेंद्र मोदी बार-बार कहते हैं कि खेती में विज्ञान और तकनीक का खूब इस्तेमाल होना चाहिए। वे सिंचाई की प्रति बूंद पर अधिकतम फसल हासिल करना चाहते हैं। चुनाव प्रचार के दौरान कहा था कि हम दाल में प्रोटीन की मात्रा क्यों नहीं बढ़ा सकते हैं। मार्च में महाराष्ट्र के किसानों के साथ चाय पे चर्चा के दौरान एक किसान ने पूछा था कि क्या आप बीटी बैंगन को अनुमति देंगे तो मोदी ने सीधा जवाब नहीं दिया था।
गुजरात के मुख्यमंत्री रहते हुए मोदी ने बीटी बैंगन के परीक्षण की इजाज़त दी थी। उन्होंने हां, ना में जवाब तो नहीं दिया मगर ये ज़रूर कहा था कि गुजरात में बीटी कौटन से किसानों को लाभ हुआ है। प्राइम टाइम
टी बैंगन - विकिपीडिया
hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/बीटी_बैंगन
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Monsanto
 | |
| Public | |
| Traded as | NYSE: MON S&P 500 Component |
| Industry | Agribusiness |
| Founded | St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. (1901) |
| Founder | John Francis Queeny |
| Headquarters | Creve Coeur, Missouri, U.S. |
Key people | Hugh Grant (Chairman, President and CEO)[1] |
| Products | Herbicides, pesticides, crop seeds |
| Revenue | |
| Total assets | |
| Total equity | |
Number of employees | ~21,900 (FY 2013)[4] |
| Website | Monsanto.com |
Monsanto Company is a publicly traded American multinationalagrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation headquartered inCreve Coeur, Greater St. Louis, Missouri. It is a leading producer ofgenetically engineered (GE) seed and of the herbicide glyphosate, which it markets under the Roundup brand.
Founded in 1901 by John Francis Queeny, Monsanto initially produced food additives like saccharin and vanillin, expanded into industrial chemicals likesulfuric acid and PCBs in the 1920s, and by the 1940s was a major producer of plastics, including polystyrene and synthetic fibers. Notable achievements by Monsanto and its scientists as a chemical company included breakthrough research on catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation and being the first company to mass-produce light emitting diodes (LEDs). The company also formerly manufactured controversial products such as the insecticide DDT, PCBs,Agent Orange, and recombinant bovine somatotropin (a.k.a. bovine growth hormone).
Monsanto was among the first to genetically modify a plant cell, along with three academic teams, which was announced in 1983,[5] and was among the first to conduct field trials of genetically modified crops, which it did in 1987. It remained one of the top 10 U.S. chemical companies until it divested most of its chemical businesses between 1997 and 2002, through a process of mergers and spin-offs that focused the company on biotechnology.
Monsanto was a pioneer in applying the biotechnology industry business model to agriculture, using techniques developed by Genentech and other biotech drug companies in the late 1970s in California.[6]:2–6 In this business model, companies invest heavily in research and development, and recoup the expenses through the use and enforcement of biological patents.[7][8][9][10]Monsanto's application of this model to agriculture, along with a growing movement to create a global, uniform system of plant breeders' rights in the 1980s, came into direct conflict with customary practices of farmers to save, reuse, share and develop plant varieties.[11] Its seed patenting model has also been criticized as biopiracy and a threat to biodiversity.[12][13][14] Monsanto's role in these changes in agriculture (which include its litigation and its seed commercialization practices[15]), its current and former biotechnology products, its lobbying of government agencies, and its history as a chemical company have made Monsanto controversial.
Contents
[hide]- 1 History
- 2 Products and associated issues
- 3 Legal actions and controversies
- 4 Political contributions and lobbying
- 5 Donations
- 6 U.S. public officials' connections to Monsanto
- 7 Sponsorships
- 8 Awards
- 9 See also
- 10 Documentaries
- 11 References
- 12 Bibliography
- 13 External links
History[edit]
1901 to WWII[edit]
Monsanto was founded in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1901, by John Francis Queeny, a 30‑year veteran of the pharmaceutical industry. He funded the start-up with his own money and capital from a soft drink distributor and gave the company his wife's maiden name (his father-in-law was Emmanuel Mendes de Monsanto, a wealthy financier of a sugar company active in Vieques, Puerto Rico, and based in St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies). The company's first products were commodity food additives, like the artificial sweetener saccharin, caffeine, and vanillin.[16]:6[17][18][19][20]
Monsanto expanded to Europe in 1919 by entering a partnership with Graesser's Chemical Works at Cefn Mawr, nearRuabon Wales, to produce vanillin, aspirin and its raw ingredient salicylic acid, and later rubber processing chemicals. This site was later sold and closed in 2010. In the 1920s Monsanto expanded into basic industrial chemicals like sulfuric acid andPCBs, and Queeny's son Edgar Monsanto Queeny took over the company in 1928.
In 1926 the company founded and incorporated a town called Monsanto in Illinois (now known as Sauget). It was formed to provide a liberal regulatory environment and low taxes for the Monsanto chemical plants at a time when local jurisdictions had most of the responsibility for environmental rules. It was renamed in honor of Leo Sauget, its first village president.[21]
In 1936 Monsanto acquired Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio, in order to acquire the expertise of Charles Allen Thomas and Dr. Carroll A. ("Ted") Hochwalt and made it into Monsanto's Central Research Department.[22]:340–341Thomas spent the rest of his career at Monsanto until his retirement in 1970, during which time he served as President (1951–60) and Chairman of the Board (1960–65).[23] In 1943, Thomas was called to a meeting in Washington DC with Brig. Gen. Leslie Groves, commander of the Manhattan Project, and with James Conant, president of Harvard University and chairman of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC).[24] They urged Thomas to become co-director of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos with Robert Oppenheimer, but Thomas was reluctant to leave Dayton and Monsanto.[24]Thomas joined the NDRC, and Monsanto's Central Research Department began to conduct research for the Manhattan Project under contract from the US government.[25]:vii To that end, Monsanto operated the Dayton Project, and later Mound Laboratories, and assisted in the development of the first nuclear weapons.[24]
Post-war period[edit]
In 1946, it developed "All" laundry detergent and began to market it; they sold the product line to Lever Brothers in 1957.[26]In 1947, one of its factories was destroyed in the Texas City Disaster.[27] Monsanto acquired American Viscose from England's Courtauld family in 1949. In 1954 Monsanto partnered with German chemical giant Bayer to form Mobay and market polyurethanes in the United States.
Monsanto began manufacturing DDT in 1944, along with some 15 other companies.[28] This insecticide was much welcomed in the fight against malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. Due to DDT's toxicity, its use in the United States was banned in 1972. In 1977 Monsanto stopped producing PCBs; the United States Congress banned domestic PCB production two years later.[29][30]
1960s and 1970s[edit]
In the mid‑1960s, William Standish Knowles and his team invented a way to selectively synthesize enantiomers viaasymmetric hydrogenation. This was an important advancement because it was the first method for the catalytic production of pure chiral compounds.[31] Using this method, Knowles' team designed the "first industrial process to chirally synthesize an important compound" — L‑dopa, which is currently the main drug used to treat Parkinson's disease.[32] In 2001 Knowles and Ryōji Noyori won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In the mid-1960s chemists at Monsanto developed the Monsanto process for making acetic acid, which until 2000 was the method most widely used to make this important industrial chemical. In 1964 Monsanto chemists invented AstroTurf (but called ChemGrass early on),[33] which the company then commercialized.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Monsanto was one of the most important producers of Agent Orange for United States Armed Forces operations in Vietnam.
In 1968, it became the first company to start mass production of (visible) light emitting diodes (LEDs), using gallium arsenide phosphide. This ushered in the era of solid-state lights. From 1968 to 1970, sales doubled every few months. Their products (discrete LEDs and seven-segment numeric displays) became the standards of industry. The primary markets then were electronic calculators, digital watches, and digital clocks.[34] Monsanto was a pioneer of optoelectronics in the 1970s. Between 1968 and 1974, the company assumed title sponsorship of the PGA Tour event in Pensacola, Fla., that was renamed the Monsanto Open. Notable winners included World Golf Hall of Fame member Gene Littler, in 1971.
In 1979, Monsanto established the Edgar Monsanto Queeny safety award in honor of its former CEO (1928‑1960), an annual $2,000 prize given to a member of the American Society of Safety Engineers to encourage accident prevention.[35]
1980s onward: transgenic development[edit]
Monsanto scientists were among the first to genetically modify a plant cell, publishing their results in 1983.[5] Five years later, Monsanto conducted the first field tests of genetically engineered crops.
In 1985, Monsanto acquired G. D. Searle & Company, a life sciences company focusing on pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and animal health. In 1993, Monsanto's Searle division filed a patent application for Celebrex,[36][37] which in 1998 became the first selective COX‑2 inhibitor to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[38] Celebrex became ablockbuster drug and was often mentioned as a key reason for Pfizer's acquisition of Monsanto's pharmaceutical business in 2002.[39]
In 1994, Monsanto introduced a recombinant version of bovine somatotropin, brand-named Posilac.[40] Monsanto later sold this business to Eli Lilly and Company.
1996 to present: growth into world's largest-grossing seed company[edit]
In 1996, Monsanto purchased Agracetus, the biotechnology company that had generated the first transgenic varieties of cotton, soybeans, peanuts, and other crops, and from which Monsanto had already been licencing technology since 1991.[41] Monsanto first entered the maize seed business when it purchased 40% of DEKALB in 1996; it purchased the remainder of the corporation in 1998.[42] In 1998 Monsanto purchased Cargill's seed business, which gave it access to sales and distribution facilities in 51 countries.[43] In 2005, it finalized the purchase of Seminis Inc, a leading global vegetable and fruit seed company, for $1.4 billion.[44] This made it the world's largest conventional seed company at the time.
In 2007, Monsanto and BASF announced a long-term agreement to cooperate in the research, development, and marketing of new plant biotechnology products.[45][46]
In October 2008, the company's Canadian division, Monsanto Canada Inc., was named one of Canada's Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's news magazine.[47]
In January 2010, Forbes magazine named Monsanto company of the year for 2009.[48] Also in 2010, Swiss research firm Covalence released its annual ranking of the ethical performance of 581 multinational corporations as rated by the tone and frequency of news articles. Monsanto company was ranked at the bottom of the list of evaluated companies.[49]
Spin-offs and mergers[edit]
Through a series of transactions, the Monsanto that existed from 1901 to 2000 and the current Monsanto are legally two distinct corporations. Although they share the same name and corporate headquarters, many of the same executives and other employees, and responsibility for liabilities arising out of activities in the industrial chemical business, the agricultural chemicals business is the only segment carried forward from the pre-1997 Monsanto Company to the current Monsanto Company. This was accomplished beginning in the 1980s:
- 1985: Monsanto purchased G. D. Searle & Company for $2.7 billion in cash.[50][51] In this merger, Searle's aspartame business became a separate Monsanto subsidiary, the NutraSweet Company. CEO of NutraSweet, Robert B. Shapiro, became CEO of Monsanto from 1995 to 2000.
- 1996: Acquired Agracetus, a majority interest in Calgene, creators of the Flavr Savr tomato, and 40% of DeKalb Genetics Corporation. It purchased the remainder of DeKalb in 1998.[52][53]
- 1997: Monsanto spun off its industrial chemical and fiber divisions into Solutia Inc.[54] This transferred the financial liability related to the production and contamination with PCBs at the Illinois and Alabama plants. In January, Monsanto announced the purchase of Holden's Foundations Seeds, a privately held seed business. By acquiring Holden's, Monsanto became the biggest American producer of foundation corn, the parent seed from which hybrids are made.[55]The combined purchase price was $925 million. Also, in April, Monsanto purchased the remaining shares of Calgene.
- 1999: Monsanto sold off NutraSweet Co. and two other companies. In December, Monsanto merged with Pharmacia & Upjohn, and the agricultural division became a wholly owned subsidiary of the "new" Pharmacia; the medical research divisions of Monsanto, which included products such as Celebrex, were rolled into Pharmacia.[56]
- 2000 (October): Pharmacia spun off its Monsanto subsidiary into a new company, the "new Monsanto".[57] As part of the deal, Monsanto agreed to indemnify Pharmacia against any liabilities that might be incurred from judgments against Solutia. As a result, the new Monsanto continues to be a party to numerous lawsuits that relate to operations of the old Monsanto. (Pharmacia was bought by Pfizer in a deal announced in 2002 and completed in 2003.[58][59])
- 2005: Monsanto acquired Emergent Genetics and its Stoneville and NexGen cotton brands. Emergent was the third largest U.S. cotton seed company, with about 12 percent of the U.S. market. Monsanto's goal was to obtain "a strategic cotton germplasm and traits platform."[60] The vegetable seed producer Seminis was purchased for $1.4 billion.[61]
- 2007: In June, Monsanto completed its purchase of Delta & Pine Land Company, a major cotton seed breeder, for $1.5 billion.[62] As a condition for approval of the purchase from the Department of Justice, Monsanto was obligated to divest its Stoneville cotton business, which it sold to Bayer, and to divest its NexGen cotton business, which it sold to Americot.[63] Monsanto also exited the pig breeding business by selling Monsanto Choice Genetics to Newsham Genetics LC in November, divesting itself of "any and all swine-related patents, patent applications, and all other intellectual property".[64]:108
- 2008: Monsanto purchased the Dutch seed company De Ruiter Seeds for €546 million,[65] and sold its POSILAC bovine somatotropin brand and related business to Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly in August for $300 million plus "additional contingent consideration".[66]
- 2012: Monsanto purchased for $210 million Precision Planting Inc., a company that produced computer hardware and software designed to enable farmers to increase yield and productivity through more accurate planting.[67]
- 2013: Monsanto purchased San Francisco-based Climate Corp for $930 million.[68] Climate Corp. made more accurate local weather forecasts for farmers based on data modelling and historical data and if the forecasts were wrong, the farmer was recompensed.[69]
Products and associated issues[edit]
Current products[edit]
Glyphosate herbicides[edit]
Monsanto chemist John E. Franz invented glyphosate in 1970.[70] Monsanto is the largest producer of glyphosateherbicides in the United States through its Roundup product line, which is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with commercial crops. Monsanto's last commercially relevant United States patent on glyphosate expired in 2000, and glyphosate is now produced by many companies in the US and around the world. As of 2009, sales of Roundup herbicides represent about 10% of Monsanto's yearly revenue.[71]
In 2007, glyphosate was the most used herbicide in the US agricultural sector, with 180 to 185 million pounds (82,000 to 84,000 tonnes) applied, and the 2nd most used in home and garden market where users applied 5 to 8 million pounds (2,300 to 3,600 tonnes); additionally industry, commerce and government applied 13 to 15 million pounds (5,900 to 6,800 tonnes).[72] While glyphosate has been approved by regulatory bodies worldwide and is less toxic than all the herbicides it replaced,[73] concerns about its effects on humans and the environment persist.[74][75]
Crop seed[edit]
As of 2012, Monsanto's line of seed products includes agricultural seeds and vegetable seeds.
Many of Monsanto's agricultural seed products are genetically modified for resistance to herbicides, such as glyphosate. Monsanto sells glyphosate under the brand, "Roundup" – Monsanto calls these seeds "Roundup Ready". Monsanto's introduction of this system (planting glyphosate-resistant seed and then applying glyphosate once plants emerged) provided farmers with an opportunity to dramatically increase the yield from a given plot of land, since this allowed them to plant rows closer together.[76] Without it, farmers had to plant rows far enough apart to control post-emergent weeds with mechanical tillage.[76] Farmers have widely adopted the technology – for example over 90% of maize (Mon 832), soybean(MON-Ø4Ø32-6), cotton, sugar beet, and canola planted in the United States are glyphosate-resistant, as described in theGM crops article. Monsanto has also developed a Roundup Ready wheat (MON 71800) but it ceased development in 2004 due to concerns from wheat exporters about rejection of GM wheat by foreign markets.[77]
As of 2009, the overall Roundup line of products including the GM seeds represented about 50% of Monsanto's business.[78] The patent on the first type of Roundup Ready crop that Monsanto produced (soybeans) expired in 2014[79]and the first harvest of off-patent soybeans occurs in the spring of 2015.[80] Monsanto has broadly licensed the patent to other seed companies that include the glyphosate resistance trait in their seed products.[81] About 150 companies have licensed the technology,[82] including Syngenta[83] and DuPont Pioneer.[84]
In addition, Monsanto invented and sells agricultural seeds that are genetically modified to make a crystalline insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, known as Bt. In 1995 Monsanto's potato plants producing Bt toxin were approved for sale by the Environmental Protection Agency, after having approved by the U.S. FDA, making it the first pesticide-producing crop to be approved in the United States.[85] Monsanto has subsequently developed Bt maize (MON 802, MON 809, MON 863, MON 810), Bt soybean,[86] and Bt cotton.
Monsanto also produces seed that has multiple modifications, also known as "stacked traits" — for instance, cotton that make one or more Bt proteins and is resistant to glyphosate. One of these, created in collaboration with Dow Chemical Company, is called SmartStax. In 2011 Monsanto launched the Genuity brand for its stacked-trait products.[87]
As of 2012, the agricultural seed lineup included Roundup Ready alfalfa; Roundup Ready canola; cotton with Bt, Roundup Ready, or both traits; sorghum hybrids; soybeans with various oil profiles, most with the Roundup Ready trait; Roundup Ready sugarbeet; and a wide range of wheat products, many of which incorporate the nontransgenic "clearfield" imazamox-tolerant[88] trait from BASF.[89]
Two patents have been especially important to Monsanto's GM soybean business; one expired in 2011 and another reissued patent expires in 2014.[90] The expiration of the second patent will mean that glyphosate resistant soybeans will be "generic", which has generated a great deal of discussion in the soybean industry.[91][92][93][94]
In 2012 Monsanto was the world's largest supplier of vegetable seeds by value, selling $800m of seed. 95% of the research and development for vegetable seed is in conventional breeding and the company is concentrating on improving the taste of several vegetables.[61] According to their website they sell "4,000 distinct seed varieties representing more than 20 species".[95]
In 2013 Monsanto launched the first transgenic drought tolerance trait in a line of corn hybrids termed DroughtGard.[96] The MON 87460 trait is provided by the insertion of the cspB gene from the soil microbe Bacillus subtilis; it was approved by the USDA in 2011[97] and by China in 2013.[98]
As in much of the developing world and especially in agricultural areas, child labor is widespread in India's agricultural sector, which employs ~60% of India's child labor. Child labor is especially used in seed production.[99] The seed production is done mostly through child labor—it is carried out on plots owned by small farmers, who sell the seed to "seed organizers", who in turn sell the seed to public and private seed agencies and companies.[99] The public and private agencies and companies include Indian state corporations, Mahyco-Monsanto, Syngenta, and others.[99] Monsanto's website states that the company complies with all child labor laws and that they are working towards minimizing its occurrence.[100]
Bt cotton[edit]
In 2009, Monsanto scientists initially discovered that insects had developed resistance to the Bt Cotton planted in Gujaratand when studies were completed, Monsanto communicated this to the Indian government and its customers, stating that "Resistance is natural and expected, so measures to delay resistance are important. Among the factors that may have contributed to pink bollworm resistance to the Cry1Ac protein in Bollgard I in Gujarat are limited refuge planting and early use of unapproved Bt cotton seed, planted prior to GEAC approval of Bollgard I cotton, which may have had lower protein expression levels."[101] The company advised farmers to switch to its second generation of Bt cotton – Bolguard II – which had two resistance genes instead of one.[102] However, this advice was criticized; an article in The Hindu reported that "an internal analysis of the statement of the Ministry of Environment and Forests says it 'appears that this could be a business strategy to phase out single gene events [that is, the first-generation Bollgard I product] and promote double genes [the second generation Bollgard II] which would fetch higher price.'"[103]
Monsanto's GM cotton seed was the subject of NGO agitation because of its higher cost. Indian farmers cross GM varieties with local varieties using plant breeding to yield better strains, an illegal practice termed "seed piracy".[104][105] In 2009, high prices of Bt Cotton were blamed for forcing farmers of the district Jhabua into severe debts when the crops died due to lack of rain.[106]
Former products[edit]
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)[edit]
Until it stopped production in 1977, Monsanto was the source of 99% of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) used by U.S. industry.[30] The PCBs were sold under trade names such as Aroclor and Santotherm; the name Santotherm is still used for non-cholorinated products.[107]:396 PCBs are a persistent organic pollutant, and cause cancer in animals and likely in humans as well, among other health effects;[108] PCBs were initially widely welcomed due to the electrical industry's need for durable, safer (than flammable mineral oil) cooling and insulating fluid for industrial transformers and capacitors. PCBs were also commonly used as stabilizing additives in the manufacture of flexible PVC coatings for electrical wiring, and in electronic components to enhance the heat and fire resistance of the PVC.[109] They were known to be highly toxic from the beginning, but it was assumed that they would be contained in the products in which they were used. However, as leaks of transformers occurred, and toxicity problems arose near factories, their durability and toxicity became widely recognized as serious problems. PCB production was banned by the U.S. Congress in 1979 and by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001.[30][110][111]
United States[edit]
In the late 1960s, the Monsanto plant in Sauget, IL. was the nation's largest producer of PCBs, which remain in the water along Dead Creek in Sauget. An EPA official referred to Sauget as "one of the most polluted communities in the region" and "a soup of different chemicals"[112]
Agent Orange was manufactured for the U.S. Department of Defense primarily by Monsanto Corporation and Dow Chemical. It was given its name from the color of the orange-striped barrels in which it was shipped, and was by far the most widely used of the so-called "Rainbow Herbicides".[113]
In 2002, the Washington Post carried a front-page report on Monsanto's legacy of environmental damage in Anniston, Alabama, related to its legal production of PCBs. Plaintiffs in a lawsuit pending at that time provided documentation showing that the local Monsanto factory knowingly discharged both mercury and PCB-laden waste into local creeks for over 40 years.[114] In another story published in 2002, the New York Times reported that during 1969 alone Monsanto had dumped 45 tons of PCBs into Snow Creek, a feeder for Choccolocco Creek which supplies much of the area's drinking water, and that the company buried millions of pounds of PCB in open-pit landfills located on hillsides above the plant and surrounding neighborhoods.[115] In August 2003, Solutia and Monsanto agreed to pay plaintiffs $700 million to settle claims by over 20,000 Anniston residents related to PCB contamination.[116]
As of November 2013, Monsanto was associated with 9 "active" Superfund sites and 32 "archived" sites in the US, in the EPA's Superfund database.[117] Monsanto has been sued, and has settled, multiple times for damaging the health of its employees or residents near its Superfund sites through pollution and poisoning.[118][119]
United Kingdom[edit]
Brofiscin Quarry was used as a waste site from about 1965 to 1972 and accepted waste from BP, Veolia, and Monsanto.[120][121] A 2005 report by Environmental Agency Wales found that the quarry contained up to 75 toxic substances, including heavy metals, Agent Orange, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).[120][122]
In February 2011 Monsanto agreed to help with the costs of remediation, but did not accept responsibility for the pollution.[123][124] In 2011 Environment Agency Wales and the Rhondda Cynon Taf council announced that they had decided to place an engineered cap over the waste mass in the quarry[125] and stated that the cost would be 1.5 million pounds; previous estimates discussed in the media had been as high as £100 million, which Environment Agency Wales had dismissed.[122][126] The site was cleared of vegetation and engineering work began in October 2011.[120][127][128]
rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone)[edit]
Monsanto developed and sold recombinant bovine somatotropin (also known as rBST and rBGH), a synthetic hormone that increases milk production by 11–16% when injected into cows.[129][130] In October 2008, Monsanto sold this business, in full, to Eli Lilly for a price of $300 million plus additional consideration.[131]
The use of rBST has been controversial, with respect to its effects on cows to which it is administered and with respect to the milk produced by those cows.[132]
In some markets, milk from cows that are not treated with rBST is sold with labels indicating it is rBST-free; this milk has proved popular with consumers.[133] In reaction to this, in early 2008 a pro-rBST advocacy group called "American Farmers for the Advancement and Conservation of Technology" (AFACT),[134] made up of dairies and originally affiliated with Monsanto, formed and began lobbying to ban such labels. AFACT stated that "absence" labels can be misleading and imply that milk from cows treated with rBST is inferior.[133] The organization was dissolved in 2011 but its website is still accessible.[135]
Pipeline products[edit]
Along with other ag-biotech companies, Monsanto has been working on developing drought-resistant GM crops.[136]
As of 2013, Monsanto's new product line, the "Xtend Crop System" was undergoing regulatory review.[137] The system includes seed genetically modified to be resistant to glyphosate and dicamba, and an herbicide product including those two active ingredients.[137] In May 2013 the US Department of Agriculture announced that additional reviews of the Xtend soybean would be conducted due to issues of possible environmental damage.[138]
Glyphosate-resistant wheat[edit]
In May 2013, glyphosate-resistant wheat (a GMO) that was not yet approved for release was discovered in a farm in Oregon, growing as a weed or "volunteer plant". The wheat was developed by Monsanto, and was a strain that was field-tested from 1998 to 2005 and was in the regulatory approval process before Monsanto withdrew it based on concern that importers would avoid the crop. The last field test in Oregon occurred in 2001. As of May 2013 there was no information as to how the wheat got there or whether it had entered the food supply; volunteer wheat from a former test field two miles away was tested and it was not found to be glyphosate-resistant. Monsanto faced penalties up to $1 million if violations of the Plant Protection Act would be found. The discovery threatened US wheat exports which totaled $8.1 billion in 2012; the US is the world's largest wheat exporter.[139][140] New Scientist reported that the variety of wheat was rarely imported into Europe and doubted that the discovery of the wheat would affect Europe, but more likely destined for Asia. According to Monsanto it destroyed all the material it held after completing trials in 2004 and it was "mystified" by its appearance.[141] On June 14, 2013, the USDA announced: "As of today, USDA has neither found nor been informed of anything that would indicate that this incident amounts to more than a single isolated incident in a single field on a single farm. All information collected so far shows no indication of the presence of GE wheat in commerce."[142] As of August 30, 2013, while the source of the GM wheat remained unknown, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan had all resumed placing orders, and the disruption of the export market was minimal.[143]
Pipeline products - cancelled[edit]
Terminator seeds[edit]
Genetic use restriction technology, colloquially known as "terminator technology", produces plants that have sterile seeds. If put into use, it would prevent the spread of those seeds into the wild. It also would prevent farmers from planting seeds they harvest, requiring them to repurchase seed for every planting, although they also need to do this for hybrid seeds, because second-generation seeds are inferior, and in cases of patented transgenic seeds, where patent-holders like Monsanto enter into contracts with farmers who agree not to plant harvested seeds as a condition of purchase.
Terminator technology has been developed by governmental labs, university researchers, and companies, sometimes in collaboration and sometimes independently.[144][145][146] The technology has never been known to have been used commercially.[147][148] Rumors that Monsanto and other companies intended to introduce terminator technology have caused protests, for example in India.[149][150]
In 1999, Monsanto pledged not to commercialize terminator technology, and has displayed that pledge on its website to the present day.[147][151] The Delta and Pine Land Company intended to commercialize the technology,[146] but D&PL was acquired by Monsanto in 2007.[152]
Animal genetics[edit]
In the 2000s Monsanto entered into the pig breeding business via a subsidiary, Monsanto Choice Genetics. It exited the business in 2009 when it sold that business to Newsham Genetics LC in November, divesting itself of "any and all swine-related patents, patent applications, and all other intellectual property".[64]:108
Legal actions and controversies[edit]
Litigation[edit]
Monsanto is notable for its involvement in high-profile lawsuits, as both plaintiff and defendant. It has been involved in a number of class action suits, where fines and damages have run into the hundreds of millions of dollars, usually over health issues related to its products. Monsanto has also made frequent use of the courts to defend its patents, particularly in the area of agricultural biotechnology, as have other companies in the field, such as Dupont Pioneer[153][154] and Syngenta.[155]
Controversies outside the US[edit]
Argentina[edit]
GM soy was approved for cultivation in Argentina in 1996. When Argentina approved the cultivation of GMO in 1996 14 million acres were used for soy production and by 2008 that area grew to 42 million acres.[156] The growth was driven by Argentine investors' interest in buying or leasing land on which to grow soy for the export market.[156] The consolidation has led to a decrease in production of many staples such as milk, rice, maize, potatoes and lentils, and as of 2004 about 150,000 small farmers had left the countryside; by 2009 in the Chaco region, 50% were displaced.[156][157][158]
The Guardian newspaper interviewed a Monsanto representative and reported that the representative "said that any problems with GM soya were to do with use of the crop as a monoculture, not because it was GM. 'If you grow any crop to the exclusion of any other you are bound to get problems.'"[157]
In 2005 and 2006, Monsanto addressed unlicensed use of its patented "Roundup Ready" technology by farmers and companies in Argentina by enforcing its patents on soymeal imported into Spain from Argentina, which obligated Spanish customs officials to seize the soymeal shipments.[159]
In 2013, tensions arose between environmentalist groups, on one side, and Monsanto and the government of Córdoba, on the other. The company, with the local authorities' consent, is building a corn seed conditioning facility in Malvinas Argentinas, Córdoba and neighbours have denounced the risk of environmental impact. Despite court rulings which have decided the enterprise could continue to build the facilities,[160] environmentalist groups have organised demonstrations and have opened an online petition for the subject to be decided on a popular referendum.[161] Nevertheless, the court rulings have also stipulated that while construction can continue, the facility could not begin operating until the environmental impact report required by law is dutifully presented.[162]
Brazil[edit]
Brazil had originally approved GM crops in 1998 but Brazilian advocacy groups had successfully sued to overturn the approval.[163] In 2003 Brazil allowed a one-year exemption when GM soy was found in fields planted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.[163] This was a controversial decision, and in response, the Landless Workers' Movement protested by invading and occupying several Monsanto farm plots used for research, training and seed-processing.[164] In 2005 Brazil passed a law creating a regulatory pathway for GM crops, and the agriculture minister Roberto Rodrigues stated that "Brazilian soy farmers, who have used cloned or smuggled versions of the biotechnology company's Roundup Ready variety for years, will no longer have to worry about breaking the law or facing legal action from Monsanto as long as regulators approve the seeds for planting."[165]
China[edit]
Monsanto was criticized by Chinese economist Larry Lang for having controlled the Chinese soybean market, and for trying to do the same to Chinese corn and cotton.[166]
India[edit]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, public attention was drawn to suicides by indebted farmers in India following crop failures.[167] For example, in the early 2000s, farmers in the state of Andhra Pradesh, were in economic crisis due to high interest rates and crop failures, leading to widespread social unrest and suicides.[168] Monsanto was one focus of protests with respect to the price of Bt seed and yields of Bt seed. In 2005, the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, the Indian regulatory authority, released a study on field tests of certain Bt cotton strains in Andhra Pradesh and ruled that Monsanto could not market those strains in Andhra Pradesh because the yields were poor.[169] At about the same time, the state agriculture minister barred the company from selling any Bt cotton seeds in the state, because Monsanto refused a request by the state government to provide a compensation package of about Rs 4.5 crore (about one million USD) to indebted farmers in some districts, and because the government blamed Monsanto's Bt seeds for crop failures.[170] The order was later lifted. In 2006, the Andhra Pradesh state government tried to convince Monsanto to reduce the price at which it sold Bt seeds. When Monsanto did not reduce the price enough to satisfy the government, the state filed several cases against Monsanto and its Mumbai based licensee Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds.[171] Research by International Food Policy Research Institute, an agriculture policy think tank based in Washington DC, stated that there was no evidence for an increased suicide rate following the 2002 introduction of Bt cotton, and that Bt cotton was effective in India.[172][173] The report stated that farmer suicides predate the official commercial introduction of Bt cotton by Monsanto Mahyco in 2002 (and its unofficial introduction by Navbharat Seeds in 2001) and that such suicides were a fairly constant portion of the overall national suicide rate since 1997.[173][174] The report concluded that while Bt cotton may have been a factor in specific suicides, the contribution was likely marginal compared to socio-economic factors.[173][174] As of 2009, 87% of Indian cotton-growing land was used for Bt cotton.[175]
Critics, including Vandana Shiva, said that the crop failures could "often be traced to" Monsanto's Bt cotton, and that the seeds increased farmers' indebtedness, and argued that Monsanto misrepresented the profitability of their genetically modified cotton, Bt Cotton, causing farmers to suffer losses leading to debt.[167][176][177][178] In 2009, Dr. Shiva wrote that Indian farmers who had previously spent as little as ₹7 (rupees) per kilogram were now paying up to ₹17,000 per kilo per year after switching to Bt cotton.[179] More recently, in 2012 the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the Central Cotton Research Institute (CCRI) stated that for the first time farmer suicides could be linked to a decline in the performance of Bt cotton, and they issued an advisory stating that "cotton farmers are in a deep crisis since shifting to Bt cotton. The spate of farmer suicides in 2011-12 has been particularly severe among Bt cotton farmers."[180]
In 2004, in response to a request from the All India Biodynamic and Organic Farming Association, the Mumbai High Court required the Tata Institute to produce a report on farmer suicides in Maharashtra, and the institute submitted its report in March 2005.[181][182] The survey cited "government apathy, the absence of a safety net for farmers, and lack of access to information related to agriculture as the chief causes for the desperate condition of farmers in the state."[181]
Various studies identify the important factors as insufficient or risky credit systems, the difficulty of farming semi-arid regions, poor agricultural income, absence of alternative income opportunities, a downturn in the urban economy which forced non-farmers into farming, and the absence of suitable counseling services.[174][183][184] The ICAR and CCRI stated that the cost of cotton cultivation had jumped as a consequence of rising pesticide costs while total Bt cotton production in the five years from 2007 to 2012 had declined.[180]
March Against Monsanto protests[edit]
A worldwide protest against Monsanto and GMOs took place on May 25, 2013.[185]The number of protesters who took part is uncertain; figures of "hundreds of thousands"[186] or "two million"[187] were variously cited.[188] According to organizers, protesters in 436 cities and 52 countries took part.[189][190][191]
The March Against Monsanto organizers planned a second day of protests in May 2014, and in statement released before the event said that millions of activists would join marches in over 400 cities in 52 countries on six continents.[192] The day of protest took place on May 24, 2014.[193][194]
Political contributions and lobbying[edit]
United States[edit]
Monsanto lobbies the United States Congress and the U.S. Department of Agriculture about regulations that would affect the production and distribution of genetically engineered produce.[195] In 2011, Monsanto spent about $6.3 million.[196] In comparison, the 20th highest spender, Pfizer, spent $12.9 million.[197] US diplomats in Europe have worked directly for Monsanto.[198] In 2008, Monsanto spent $8.8 million for lobbying. $1.5 million was to outside lobbying firms with the remainder used by in-house lobbyists.[199] In 2011, total money spent on lobbying was about $6.3 million, more than any other agribusiness firm except the tobacco company Altria,[196] and $2 million of which was spent on matters concerning "Foreign Agriculture Biotechnology Laws, Regulations, and Trade."
Monsanto gave $186,250 to federal candidates in the 2008 election cycle through its political action committee (PAC) – 42% to Democrats, 58% to Republicans. For the 2010 election cycle they gave $305,749 – 48% to Democrats, 52% toRepublicans.[200]
Monsanto spent $8.1 million opposing the passage of Proposition 37 in the US state of California, making it the largest donor against the initiative. Proposition 37, which was rejected by a 53.7% majority in November 2012,[201] would have mandated the disclosure of genetically modified crops used in the production of California food products. Biotechnology labeling is not required by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but it has been adopted by over 40 countries. According to public disclosures, the Council for Biotechnology Information and The Grocery Manufacturers Association, have each made matching donations of $375,000 to fight the initiative.[202][203]
Michael R. Taylor, a former Monsanto Vice President for Public Policy[204][205][206] and the current Senior Advisor to theCommissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration,[207][208] was described by Businessweek during his tenure as Monsanto's VP for Public Policy as "Monsanto's chief rep in Washington."[209]
Monsanto is a member of the Washington D.C based Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), the world's largest biotechnology trade association, which provides "advocacy, business development, and communications services."[210][211]Between 2010 and 2011 BIO spent a total of $16.43 million on lobbying initiatives.[212][213]
The Farmer Assurance Provision (known as Monsanto Protection Act by critics) was part of a bill to provide continued funding to the federal government in the ongoing US budget stalemate, and was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 26, 2013.[214] It expired at the end of the federal fiscal year, on September 20, 2013.[215] NPR stated that "the provision authorizes the USDA to grant "temporary" permission for GMO crops to be planted, even if a judge has ruled that such crops were not properly approved, only while the necessary environmental reviews are completed. That's an authority that the USDA has, in fact, already exercised in the past."[216] It was originally included as Section 733 in the June 2012 initial draft of the FY2013 Agriculture Appropriations bill.[217]:86–87[215] Politico reported that Sen. Roy Blunt (R-Mo.) authored the provision, and "said he worked with the company (Monsanto) and had a valuable partner in the late chairman, Inouye, who was sympathetic given Monsanto's large seed operations in Hawaii."[218] The bill's sole dissenter, Senator John Tester (D-MT), proposed an amendment to remove it from the bill, but it never went to a vote.[216] Before the provision was passed, supporters said that "opponents of agricultural biotechnology have repeatedly filed suits against USDA on procedural grounds in order to disrupt the regulatory process and undermine the science‐based regulation of such products... Activist groups have made it clear they will continue to use the court system to challenge regulatory approvals of corn, soybean and other biotechnology‐derived crops, and have openly stated their intention to use litigation as a way to impede the availability of new technology to growers and consumers....If enacted, growers would be assured that the crops they plant could continue to be grown, subject to appropriate interim conditions, even after a judicial ruling against USDA. Moreover, the language would apply only to products that have already satisfactorily completed the U.S. regulatory review process and does not remove or restrict anyone's right to challenge USDA once a determination of no plant pest risk has been made.[219] Opponents described it as" hidden backroom deal"[220] and after it passed the Senate, more than 250,000 petitioners signed a petition for President Obama to veto the bill on the premise that it "effectively bars federal courts from being able to halt the sale or planting of controversial genetically modified... seeds, no matter what health issues may arise concerning GMOs in the future".[215] In September 2013, the controversial provision was removed from the Senate version of the bill.[221]
The Monsanto Company Citizenship Fund aka Monsanto Citizenship Fund is a political action committee from Monsanto that has donated over $10 million to various candidates since 2003.[222][223][224][225][226]
More recently, as of October 2013, Monsanto and DuPont Co. are backing an anti-labeling campaign with roughly $18 million so far dedicated to the campaign. Washington along with 26 other states have proposals coming up in November to require labels on Genetically Modified Foods[227]
UK[edit]
During the late 1990s, Monsanto lobbied to raise permitted glyphosate levels in soybeans and was successful in convincingCodex Alimentarius and both the UK and American governments to lift levels to 20 milligrams per 1 kilogram of soya.[228]:265When asked how negotiations with Monsanto were conducted Lord Donoughue, then the Labour Party Agriculture minister in the House of Lords, stated that all information relating to the matter would be "kept secret."[228]:265 During a period of 24 months prior to the 1997 British election Monsanto representatives had 22 meetings at the departments of Agriculture and the Environment.[228]:266 British newspapers revealed that Stanley Greenberg, an election advisor to Tony Blair, went on to work as a Monsanto consultant.[228]:266 It was also reported that a former Labour spokesperson, David Hill, became Monsanto's media adviser at the lobbying firm Bell Pottinger.[228]:266 The Labour government was challenged in parliament about "trips, facilities, gifts and other offerings of financial value provided by Monsanto to civil servants" but only stated thatDepartment of Trade and Industry had two working lunches with Monsanto.[228]:267 It was also revealed that Peter Luff, then a Conservative Party MP and Chairman of the Agriculture Select Committee, had received up to £10,000 a year from Bell Pottinger on behalf of Monsanto.[228]:266[229][230]
Continental Europe[edit]
In January 2011, John Vidal of The Guardian reported on Wikileak documents that suggested US diplomats in Europe were responding to a request for help from Spanish government; the article says: "In addition, the cables show US diplomats working directly for GM companies such as Monsanto. 'In response to recent urgent requests by [Spanish rural affairs ministry] state secretary Josep Puxeu and Monsanto, post requests renewed US government support of Spain's science-based agricultural biotechnology position through high-level US government intervention.'"[198][231] The documents show that in 2009, when the Spanish government's policy allowing MON810 corn to be grown, as allowed under European law, was under pressure from EU interests, Monsanto's Director for Biotechnology for Spain and Portugal requested that the US government support Spain on the matter.[198][232][233] The reports also indicated that Spain and the US had worked closely together to "persuade the EU not to strengthen biotechnology laws."[198][231] Spain was viewed as an EU member that was a key supporter of GM and there was a widespread belief in biotechnology industry that "if Spain falls, the rest of Europe will follow."[234][235] The documents also revealed that in response to an attempt by France to ban a Monsanto's MON810 in late 2007, the then US ambassador to France, Craig Roberts Stapleton, in a bid to "help strengthen European pro-biotech voices," asked Washington to "calibrate a targeted retaliation list that [would cause] some pain across the EU," in particular those countries that did not support the use of GM crops.[236][237] This activity transpired after the US, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, Mexico and New Zealand had brought an action against Europe via the World Trade Organization with respect to the EU's banning of GMOs; in 2006, the WTO had ruled against the EU.[235][238][239]
Monsanto is a member of EuropaBio, the leading biotechnology trade group in Europe. One of EuropaBio's initiatives is "Transforming Europe's position on GM food", and it has stated that there is "an urgent need to reshape the terms of the debate about GM in Europe."[240][241] In an effort to transform European policy relating to the production and distribution ofgenetically modified foods within the EU, EuropaBio proposed the recruitment of high profile "ambassadors" that might affect opinion on GM policy by lobbying European leaders directly. The organisation also aimed to introduce the ambassadors to high-level European bureaucrats and MEPs with the goal of making a stronger case for GM within the EU.[240][242][243]
Donations[edit]
After the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, Monsanto donated $255,000 to Haiti for disaster relief[244] and 60,000 seed sacks (475 tons) of hybrid (non-GM) corn and vegetable seeds worth $4 million.[245] However, a Catholic Relief Services (CRS) rapid assessment of seed supply and demand for the 5 most common food security crops found that the Haitians had enough seed and recommended that imported seeds should be introduced only on a small scale.[246]
The announcement of the donation initially raised concerns that the donation would include genetically modified seeds, but Monsanto representatives said no such seeds were included and the donation comprised conventional seed and hybrid seeds, which are produced by manually cross-pollinating plants.[245] A report by Haiti Grassroots Watch (HGW) investigated the donation and responses to it.[247] Emmanuel Prophete, head of Haiti's Ministry of Agriculture's Service National Semencier (SNS), told HGW that SNS was not opposed to the hybrid maize seeds because it at least doubles the yield of corn. Louise Sperling, Principal Researcher at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) told HGW that she was not opposed to hybrids, but noted that most hybrids require extra water and better soils and that most of Haiti was not appropriate for maize hybrids.
Activists expressed concern that some of the seeds were coated with the fungicides Maxim or thiram. In the United States,pesticides containing thiram are banned in home garden products because most home gardeners do not own adequate protection.[248] Activists alleged that the coated seeds were handled in a dangerous manner by the recipients and judged that such seeds should not have been donated.[247]
The seeds were donated free of charge, and were in turn sold at a reduced price in local markets.[245] However, farmers feared that they were being given seeds that would "threaten local varieties"[244] and an estimated 8,000–12,000 farmers attended a protest of the donation on June 4, 2010, organized by a Haitian farmers' association, the Peasant Movement of Papay, where a small pile of seeds was symbolically burned.[249]
U.S. public officials' connections to Monsanto[edit]
A number of people have held positions at Monsanto and in US government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Supreme Court at various points in their careers. Critics of Monsanto have said that the interconnections between the company and the US government have allowed Monsanto to profit by favorable regulations at the expense of customer safety.[250][251][252] On the other hand, supporters of the practice of individuals moving between government sector and the private sector point to the need for competent and experienced individuals in both sectors and to the importance of appropriately managing conflicts of interestthat such cross-sector movements may cause.[253][254]:16–23 The list of such people includes:
- Earle H. Harbison, Jr. served with the Central Intelligence Agency for 18 years, rising to the rank of Deputy Director, after which he had a career at Monsanto, rising to the roles of President, Chief Operating Officer, and Director of Monsanto, which he held from 1986 to 1993.[48]
- Michael A. Friedman, MD, was Senior Vice President of Research and Development, Medical and Public Policy for Pharmacia, and later served as an FDA deputy commissioner.[255][256]
- Linda J. Fisher was an assistant administrator at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) before she was a vice president at Monsanto from 1995 to 2000. In 2001, Fisher became the deputy administrator of the EPA.[257]
- Michael R. Taylor was an assistant to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) commissioner before working as an attorney for King & Spalding, a private-sector law firm that represented Monsanto among other clients.[258][259] He later served as deputy commissioner for policy to the FDA on food safety between 1991 and 1994 during which time the FDA approved rBST.[257] He was accused of a conflict of interest, but a federal investigation cleared him. Following his tenure at the FDA, Taylor returned to Monsanto as Vice President for Public Policy.[204][205][206] On July 7, 2009, Taylor entered government as Senior Advisor to the Commissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration for the Obama administration.[207][208]
- United States Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas worked as an attorney for Monsanto in the 1970s. Thomas wrote the majority opinion in the 2001 Supreme Court decision J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.[260] which found that "newly developed plant breeds are patentable under the general utility patent laws of the United States."[257][260][261]
- Mickey Kantor served on Monsanto's board after serving in government as a trade representative.[257]
- William D. Ruckelshaus served as the first head of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, was subsequently acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and then Deputy Attorney General of the United States. From 1983 to 1985, he returned as EPA administrator. After leaving government he joined the Board of Directors of Monsanto; he is currently retired from that board.[262]
- Between serving for Gerald Ford and George W. Bush, Former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was chairman and chief executive officer of G. D. Searle & Company, a pharmaceutical company which produced aspartame apparently while working on an ulcer drug. Monsanto bought the company in 1985, and re-branded aspartame as NutraSweet. Rumsfeld's stock and options in Searle were $12 million USD at the time of the transaction.[257]
- Monsanto is a client of the Lincoln Policy Group, a lobbying group created by former chairwoman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Blanche Lincoln after she lost her re-election bid in 2011. Robert Holifield, who was chief of staff on that committee, is a partner in the group.[263]
Sponsorships[edit]
Monsanto has been the corporate sponsor of attractions at Disneyland, namely:
- Hall of Chemistry (1955 to 1966)[264]
- Monsanto House of the Future (from 1957 to 1967)[265][266]
- Fashions and Fabrics through the Years (from 1965 to 1966)[264]
- Adventure Thru Inner Space (from 1967 to 1986)[267]
Awards[edit]
Monsanto was named "Company of the Year" by Forbes Magazine in 2009.[268]
Science Magazine ranked Monsanto as 5th on its 2013 Top Employers list, describing its top attributes as "innovative leader in the industry", "makes changes needed", and "does important quality research".[269]
In 2013, Monsanto was listed as one of the 100 Best Corporate Citizens by Corporate Responsibility Magazine.[268]
The Human Rights Campaign Foundation, the nation's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) civil rights organization, recognized Monsanto as having a 100% on their 2010 Corporate Equality Index (CEI). Monsanto received the same score again in 2011, 2013, and 2014. The Foundation named Monsanto "one of the Best Places to Work for LGBT Equality." In a press release, HRC president Chad Griffin stated that the company was going "above and beyond the call of duty." [270]
Monsanto executive, Robert Fraley, won the World Food Prize in 2013 for "breakthrough achievements in founding, developing, and applying modern agricultural biotechnology".[271][272]
See also[edit]
- Biological patents in the United States
- Genetically modified food controversies
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International
- Temporal analysis of products
Documentaries[edit]
- Bitter Seeds
- Genetic Roulette – The Gamble of Our Lives
- Food, Inc.
- The Corporation
- The World According to Monsanto (Video on YouTube)
- The Future of Food
- Percy Schmeiser – David versus Monsanto
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Bibliography[edit]
- Forrestal, Dan J. (1977). Faith, Hope & $5000: The Story of Monsanto, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-22784-X.
- Pechlaner, Gabriela, Corporate Crops: Biotechnology, Agriculture, and the Struggle for Control, University of Texas Press, 2012, ISBN 0292739451
- Robin, Marie-Monique, The World According to Monsanto: Pollution, Corruption, and the Control of the World's Food Supply New Press, 2009, ISBN 1595584269
- Spears, Ellen Griffith, Baptized in PCBs: Race, Pollution, and Justice in an All-American Town, The University of North Carolina Press, 2014, ISBN 1469611716
- Shiva, Vandana, Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply South End Press, 2000, ISBN 0896086070
External links[edit]
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- Genetic engineering and agriculture
- Agriculture companies of the United States
- Chemical companies of the United States
- Companies based in St. Louis County, Missouri
- Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
- Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
- Agriculture companies established in 1901
- Seed companies
- Biotechnology companies of the United States
- 1901 establishments in Missouri
- Monsanto
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