GARIBIREKHA KE NICHE!One in five retiring in 2013 'will be below poverty line' Study by Prudential finds many people are facing a bleak financial outlook, with 14% relying solely on state pension! Below the poverty line!

One in five retiring in 2013 'will be below poverty line'

Study by Prudential finds many people are facing a bleak financial outlook, with 14% relying solely on state pension

One in seven people retiring in 2013 will depend on the state pension – currently £110.15 a week. Photograph: Alamy

One in five people retiring in Britain in 2013 will fall below the incomepoverty line according to a study by Prudential, which also found that nearly a quarter of women will enter retirement entirely dependent on the basic state pension.

Prudential's Class of 2013 research, based on interviews with 8,676 over 45-year-olds and another 1,007 people retiring this year, found that many are facing a bleak financial outlook.

One in seven (14%) people planning to retire in 2013 will depend on the state pension, currently a maximum of £110.15 a week, as they have no other pension arranged. Among women the figure rises to 23% compared to 8% of men.

Even those with a small private pension may still be below the poverty line, which the Joseph Rowntree Foundation estimates to be £8,254 a year for a single pensioner in the UK. Prudential found that 18% of people retiring this year would have an income below that level.

Many overestimate just how much they will receive from the state, on averaging guessing at a figure that is £600 a year more than they will actually receive. Around one in 10 said they have no idea what the state pension will pay.

The Welsh are the worst-off, according to Prudential, which found that 25% of people there will be below the poverty line compared to 14% in London.

Vince Smith-Hughes, retirement income expert at Prudential, said: "Against a backdrop of rising living costs, the basic state pension alone is not nearly enough to provide a comfortable standard of living.

"While it's a very valuable source of additional income for millions of pensioners, the state pension should ideally only represent a part of someone's retirement income, not all of it."

Many people will now have to work long past their state pension age to maintain any standard of living, according to separate research by pension consultants Hymans Robertson. It found that as employers have axed generous "final salary" schemes, many employees no longer have sufficient savings to be able to afford to retire. In turn this is hitting companies, as they are finding they can't hire younger staff as older staff cannot afford to leave.

Poor stock market returns, worsening annuities and improved longevity have combined to make the task of saving enough for retirement a near impossibility for many people. In April, the Office of National Statistics said that the pension fund needed to buy an income of £5,000 year in retirement had risen by 29% in just three years to £152,800.

"The vast majority of people simply can't afford to save enough to a defined contribution pension plan to secure retirement at age 65 or earlier," said David Smith, wealth manager at BestInvest. Based upon current annuity rates a 65-year-old male would need a pension pot of roughly £500,000 to generate a pension income of £25,000 per annum gross and this is without allowing for the impact of inflation.

"When you compound these factors with the increase in state retirement age (67 with effect from 2028), the high cost of buying your own home, the ever increasing costs associated with maintaining a decent standard of living and a lack of growth in wages it is not hard to see why the pension divide is going to grow ever greater."

http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2013/may/22/one-five-poverty-line-state-pension

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In 2010, the World Bank reported that 32.7% of the total Indian people fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day (PPP) while 68.7% live on less than US$ 2 per day.[1] According to 2010 data from the United Nations Development Programme, an estimated 29.8% of Indians live below the country's national poverty line.[2] A 2010 report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) states that 8 Indian states have more poor people than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[3][4] According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, while India's poverty rate is projected to drop to 22% in 2015.[5] The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, however, only India, where the poverty rate is projected to fall from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015, is on track to cut poverty in half by the 2015 target date.[5] The latest UNICEF data shows that one in three malnourished children worldwide are found In India, whilst 42% of the nation's children under five years of age are underweight. It also shows that a total of 58% of children under five surveyed were stunted. Rohini Mukherjee, of the Naadi foundation — one of the NGOs that published the report — stated India is "doing worse than sub-Saharan Africa."[6] The 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report places India amongst the three countries where the GHI between 1996 and 2011 went up from 22.9 to 23.7, while 78 out of the 81 developing countries studied, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kenya, Nigeria, Myanmar, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Malawi, succeeded in improving hunger conditions.[7] Contents   [hide]  1 Poverty estimates 2 Impact of poverty 3 Causes 3.1 Caste system 3.2 India's economic policies 3.3 Liberalization policies and their effects 4 Reduction in poverty 5 Efforts to alleviate poverty 5.1 Outlook for poverty alleviation 5.2 Controversy over extent of poverty reduction 5.3 Persistence of malnutrition among children 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Poverty estimates [edit] There has been no uniform measure of poverty in India.[8][9] The Planning Commission of India has accepted the Tendulkar Committee report which says that 37% of people in India live below the poverty line (BPL).[10] The Arjun Sengupta Report (from the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector), based on data between the period 1993-94 and 2004–05, states that 77% of Indians live on less than  20 a day (about $0.50 per day).[11] The N.C. SaxenaCommittee report states, on account of calorific intake apart from nominal income, that 50% of Indians live below the poverty line.[12] A study by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative using a Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) found that there were 650 million people (53.7% of population) living in poverty in India, of which 340 million people (28.6% of the population) were living in severe poverty, and that a further 198 million people (16.4% of the population) were vulnerable to poverty.[13] 421 million of the poor are concentrated in eight North Indian and East Indian states of Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This number is higher than the 410 million poor living in the 26 poorest African nations.[14] The states are listed below in increasing order of poverty based on the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index.[15] [show]MPI rank States Population (in millions) 2007 MPI Proportion of poor Average intensity Contribution to overall poverty Number of MPI poor (in millions) Estimates by NCAER (National Council of Applied Economic Research) show that 48% of the Indian households earn more than 90,000 (US$1,647.00) annually (or more than US$ 3 PPP per person). According to NCAER, in 2009, of the 222 million households in India, the absolutely poor households (annual incomes below  45,000) accounted for only 15.6% of them or about 35 million (about 200 million Indians). Another 80 million households are in income levels of  45,000– 90,000 per year. These numbers also are more or less in line with the latest World Bank estimates of the "below-the-poverty-line" households that may total about 100 million (or about 456 million individuals)[16] Impact of poverty [edit] Since the 1950s, the Indian government and non-governmental organizations have initiated several programs to alleviate poverty, including subsidizing food and other necessities, increased access to loans, improving agricultural techniques and price supports, and promoting education and family planning. These measures have helped eliminate famines, cut absolute poverty levels by more than half, and reduced illiteracy and malnutrition.[17] Presence of a massive parallel economy in the form of black (hidden) money stashed of foreign aid have also contributed to the slow pace of poverty alleviation in India.[18][19][20] Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth has been uneven when comparing social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas.[17][21] Between 1999 and 2008, the annualized growth rates forGujarat, Haryana, or Delhi were much higher than for Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, or Madhya Pradesh.[22] Poverty rates in rural Orissa (43%) and rural Bihar (41%) are among the world's most extreme.[23] Despite significant economic progress, one quarter of the nation's population earns less than the government-specified poverty thresholdof 32 rupees per day (approximately US$ 0.6).[24] According to a 2010 World Bank report, India is on track to meet its poverty reduction goals. However by 2015, an estimated 53 million people will still live in extreme poverty and 23.6% of the population will still live under US$1.25 per day. This number is expected to reduce to 20.3% or 268 million people by 2020.[25] However, at the same time, the effects of the worldwide recession in 2009 have plunged 100 million more Indians into poverty than there were in 2004, increasing the effective poverty rate from 27.5% to 37.2%.[26] As per the 2001 census, 35.5% of Indian households availed of banking services, 35.1% owned a radio or transistor, 31.6% a television, 9.1% a phone, 43.7% a bicycle, 11.7% a scooter, motorcycle or a moped, and 2.5% a car, jeep or van; 34.5% of the households had none of these assets.[27] According to Department of Telecommunications of India the phone density reached 73.34% by December 2012 and has an annual growth decreased by -4.58%.[28] This tallies with the fact that a family of four with an annual income of 1.37 lakh rupees could afford some of these luxury items. Causes [edit] One cause is a high population growth rate, although demographers generally agree that this is a symptom rather than cause of poverty. While services and industry have grown at double-digit figures, agriculture growth rate has dropped from 4.8% to 2%. About 60% of the population depends on agriculture whereas the contribution of agriculture to the GDP is about 18%.[29] The surplus of labour in agriculture has caused many people to not have jobs. Farmers are a large vote bank and use their votes to resist reallocation of land for higher-income industrial projects. Caste system [edit] Further information: Caste system in India According to S. M. Michael, Dalits constitute the bulk of poor and unemployed.[30] According to William A. Haviland, casteism is widespread in rural areas and continues to segregate Dalits.[31] Others, however, have noted the steady rise and empowerment of the Dalits through social reforms and the implementation of reservations in employment and benefits.[32][33] India's economic policies [edit] In 1947, the average annual income in India was US$619, compared with US$439 for China, US$770 for North Korea, and US$936 forTaiwan. By 1999, the numbers were US$1,818 India; US$3,259 China; US$13,317 South Korea ; and US$15,720 Taiwan, respectively.[34] (Numbers are in 1990 international Maddison dollars.) In other words, the average income in India was not much different from South Korea in 1947, but South Korea became a developed country by the 2000s. At the same time, India was left as one of the world's poorer countries. License Raj refers to the elaborate licenses, regulations and the accompanying red tape that were required to set up and run business in India between 1947 and 1990.[35] The License Raj was a result of India's decision to have a planned economy, where all aspects of the economy are controlled by the state and licenses were given to a select few. Corruption flourished under this system.[36] The labyrinthine bureaucracy often led to absurd restrictions - up to 80 agencies had to be satisfied before a firm could be granted a licence to produce and the state would decide what was produced, how much, at what price and what sources of capital were used. —BBC[37] India had started out in the 1950s[38] with high growth rates, openness to trade and investment, a promotional state, social expenditure awareness and macro stability but ended the 1980s with[38] with low growth rates, closure to trade and investment, a license-obsessed, restrictive state (License Raj), inability to sustain social expenditures and macro instability, indeed economic crisis. Liberalization policies and their effects [edit] Other points of view hold that the economic reforms[clarification needed] initiated in the early 1990s are responsible for the collapse of rural economies and the agrarian crisis currently underway. As journalist and the Rural Affairs editor for The Hindu, P Sainath describes in his reports on the rural economy in India, the level of inequality has risen to extraordinary levels, when at the same time, hunger in India has reached its highest level in decades. He also points out that rural economies across India have collapsed, or on the verge of collapse due to the neo-liberal policies of the government of India since the 1990s.[39] The human cost of the "liberalisation" has been very high.[clarification needed] The huge wave of farm suicides in Indian rural population from 1997 to 2007 totaled close to 200,000, according to official statistics.[40] That number remains disputed, with some saying the true number is much higher. Commentators have faulted the policies pursued by the government which, according to Sainath, resulted in a very high portion of rural households getting into the debt cycle, resulting in a very high number of farm suicides. As professor Utsa Patnaik, India's top economist on agriculture, has pointed out, the average poor family in 2007 has about 100 kg less food per year than it did in 1997.[40] Government policies encouraging farmers to switch to cash crops, in place of traditional food crops, has resulted in an extraordinary increase in farm input costs, while market forces determined the price of the cash crop.[41] Sainath points out that a disproportionately large number of affected farm suicides have occurred with cash crops, because with food crops such as rice, even if the price falls, there is food left to survive on. He points out that inequality has reached one of the highest rates India has ever seen. In a report byChetan Ahya, executive director at Morgan Stanley, it is pointed out that there has been a wealth increase of close to US$1 trillion in the time frame of 2003-2007 in the Indian stock market, while only 4%-7% of the Indian population hold any equity.[42] During the time when public investment in agriculture shrank to 2% of the GDP, the nation suffered the worst agrarian crisis in decades, the same time as India became the nation of second highest number of dollar billionaires.[43] Sainath argues that The per capita food availability has declined every five years without exception from 1992-2010 whereas from 1972-1991 it had risen every five-year period without exception. Farm incomes have collapsed. Hunger has grown very fast. Public investment in agriculture shrank to nothing a long time ago. Employment has collapsed. Non-farm employment has stagnated. (Only the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act has brought some limited relief in recent times.) Millions move towards towns and cities where, too, there are few jobs to be found. In one estimate, over 85 per cent of rural households are either landless, sub-marginal, marginal or small farmers. Nothing has happened in 15 years that has changed that situation for the better. Much has happened to make it a lot worse. Those who have taken their lives were deep in debt – peasant households in debt doubled in the first decade of the neoliberal "economic reforms," from 26 per cent of farm households to 48.6 per cent. Meanwhile, all along, India kept reducing investment in agriculture (standard neoliberal procedure). Life was being made more and more impossible for small farmers. As of 2006, the government spends less than 0.2% of GDP on agriculture and less than 3% of GDP on education.[44] However, some government schemes such as the mid-day meal scheme, and the NREGA have been partially successful in providing a lifeline for the rural economy and curbing the further rise of poverty. Reduction in poverty [edit] Despite all the causes, India currently adds 40 million people to its middle class every year.[citation needed] Analysts such as the founder of Forecasting International, Marvin J. Cetron writes that an estimated 300 million Indians now belong to the middle class; one-third of them have emerged from poverty in the last ten years. However, this has to be seen in perspective as the population of India has increased by 370 million from 1991 and 190 million from 2001 so the absolute number of poor has increased. Despite government initiatives, corporate social responsibility (CSR) remains low on the agenda of corporate sector.[citation needed] Only 10% of funding comes from individuals and corporates,[citation needed] and "a large part of CSR initiatives are artfully masqueraded and make it back to the balancesheet."[citation needed] The widening income gap between the rich and the poor over the years has raised fears of a social backlash.[45] Efforts to alleviate poverty [edit] Since the early 1950s, govt has initiated, sustained, and refined various planning schemes to help the poor attain self-sufficiency in food production. Probably the most important initiative has been the supply of basic commodities, particularly food at controlled prices, available throughout the country as the poor spend about 80% of their income on food. The schemes have however not been very successful because the rate of poverty reduction lags behind the rapid population growth rate.[46] Outlook for poverty alleviation [edit] Eradication of poverty in India is generally only considered to be a long-term goal. Poverty alleviation is expected to make better progress in the next 50 years than in the past, as a trickle-down effect of the growing middle class. Increasing stress on education, reservation of seats in government jobs and the increasing empowerment of women and the economically weaker sections of society, are also expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty. It is incorrect to say that all poverty reduction programmes have failed. The growth of the middle class (which was virtually non-existent when India became a free nation in August 1947) indicates that economic prosperity has indeed been very impressive in India, but the distribution of wealth is not at all even. Controversy over extent of poverty reduction [edit] The definition of poverty in India has been called into question by the UN World Food Programme. In its report on global hunger index, it questioned the government of India's definition of poverty saying: The fact that calorie deprivation is increasing during a period when the proportion of rural population below the poverty line is said to be declining rapidly, highlights the increasing disconnect between official poverty estimates and calorie deprivation.[47] While total overall poverty in India has declined, the extent of poverty reduction is often debated. While there is a consensus that there has not been increase in poverty between 1993–94 and 2004–05, the picture is not so clear if one considers other non-pecuniary dimensions (such as health, education, crime and access to infrastructure). With the rapid economic growth that India is experiencing, it is likely that a significant fraction of the rural population will continue to migrate toward cities, making the issue of urban poverty more significant in the long run.[48] Some, like journalist P Sainath, hold the view that while absolute poverty may not have increased, India remains at an abysmal rank in the UN Human Development Index. India is positioned at 132ond place in the 2007-08 UN HDI index. It is the lowest rank for the country in over 10 years. In 1992, India was at 122ond place in the same index. It can even be argued that the situation has become worse on critical indicators of overall well-being such as the number of people who are undernourished (India has the highest number of malnourished people, at 230 million, and is 94th of 119 in the world hunger index), and the number of malnourished children (43% of India's children under 5 are underweight (BMI<18.5), the highest in the world) as of 2008.[47] A 2007 report by the state-run National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) found that 77% of Indians, or 836 million people, lived on less than 20 rupees per day (USD 0.50 nominal, USD 2.0 in PPP), with most working in "informal labour sector with no job or social security, living in abject poverty."[49][50] However, a 2010 report from the UN disputes this, finding that the number of people living on US$1.25 a day is expected to go down from 435 million or 51.3 percent in 1990 to 295 million or 23.6 percent by 2015 and 268 million or 20.3 percent by 2020.[51] Persistence of malnutrition among children [edit] According to the New York Times, it is estimated that about 42.5% of the children in India suffer from malnutrition.[52] The World Bank, citing estimates made by the World Health Organization, states that "About 49 percent of the world's underweight children, 34 percent of the world's stunted children and 46 percent of the world's wasted children, live in India." The World Bank also noted that "while poverty is often the underlying cause of malnutrition in children, the superior economic growth experienced by South Asian countries compared to those in Sub-Saharan Africa, has not translated into superior nutritional status for the South Asian child."[53] A special commission to the Indian Supreme Court has noted that the child malnutrition rate in India is twice as great as sub-Saharan Africa.[54] Data from the World Bank shows that the percentage of underweight children in sub-Saharan Africa is 24% while India has almost twice the amount at 47%. Out of the 47%, 50% were from rural areas, 38% from urban areas, 48.9% of the underweight are girls and 45.5% are boys.[55] Malnutrition is often associated with diseases like diarrhea, malaria and measles due to the lack of access in health care which are also linked to the problem of poverty. The United Nations had estimated that "2.1 million Indian children die before reaching the age of 5 every year – four every minute."[56] The Indian government came up with the Integrated Childhood Development Service (ICDS) in 1975 to combat the problem of malnutrition in the country. ICDS is the world's largest child development program, but its effects on the problem in India are limited.[57]This is because the program failed to focus on children under 3, the group that should receive the most help from the ICDS; most growth retardation would have developed during the age of 2 and are mostly irreversible.[58] With the lack of help, the chances that newborn babies are unable to develop fully would be higher. The quality of ICDS centers varies from states to states and often the barbies with the most serious problem of malnutrition have the lowest amount of help given.[57] "Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh, all rank in the bottom ten in terms of ICDS coverage."[58] Despite the poor distribution of help, the ICDS is still considered to be efficient in improving the health of the children in the country.[59] Statistics from UNICEF shows that the mortality rate of children under 5 has improved from 118 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 66 in the year 2009.[60] However, malnutrition is still a problem for India; it has been found that "micronutrient deficiencies alone may cost India US$2.5 billion annually."[61] Malnutrition can lead to children not being able to attend school or perform to their fullest potential, which in turn leads to a decrease in labor productivity, affecting India's economic growth as a whole. See also [edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Poverty in India Economic and socio-economic Economy of India Income in India India State Hunger Index Socio-economic issues in India Housing Illegal housing in India Slums in India Housing in India Pavement dwellers Street children in India Utilities Electricity sector in India Water supply and sanitation in India Corruption Corruption in India Black money in India Other Family planning in India Malnutrition in India Overpopulation in india References [edit] ^ a b "India - New Global Poverty Estimates". World Bank. ^ Jay Mandal. "Poverty Reduction."http://www.undp.org.in/whatwedo/poverty_reduction ^ "8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations". The Times Of India. 2010-07-12. ^ "'More poor' in India than Africa". BBC News. 2010-07-13. ^ a b "India's poverty will fall from 51% to 22% by 2015: UN report - Times Of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2011-07-08. 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Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^ economictimes.indiatimes.com[dead link] ^ "Thehindu.com/2009/03/18/stories". Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^ "Rupe-india.org/39/shaping.html". Rupe-india.org. Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^ "The tough act of being good". Tehelka magazine. Vol 8, Issue 14, 9 April 2011. ^http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/166856/UCMP/UCMP/Documents/india%27s-urban-poverty.pdf ^ a b Sinha, Kounteya (February 27, 2009). "India tops world hunger chart". The Times Of India. ^ The Multidimensions of Urban Poverty in India, Centre de Sciences Humaines, New Delhi ^ Nearly 80 pct of India lives on half dollar a day, Reuters, August 10, 2007. Accessed: August 15, 2007 ^ "Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector" [1], National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, Government of India, August, 2007. Accessed: August 25, 2007. ^ [2], The Economic Times, April 23, 2010. Accessed: May 27, 2007] ^ Sengupta, Somini (March 13, 2009). "As Indian Growth Soars, Child Hunger Persists". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^ "'India has highest number of underweight children'". The Indian Express. 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-04-28. ^ "Malnutrition Among Indian Children Worse Than in Sub-Saharan Africa". MedIndia. Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^ "South Asia - India: Malnutrition Report". Web.worldbank.org. 2006-05-18. Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^ "India - Malnutrition - Mother, Infant and Young Child Nutrition & Malnutrition - Feeding practices including micronutrient deficiencies prevention, control of wasting, stunting and underweight". Motherchildnutrition.org. Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^ a b "Child malnutrition in India: Putting the smallest first". The Economist. 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^ a b "News & Broadcast - Urgent Action Needed to Overcome Persistent Malnutrition in India, says World Bank Report". Web.worldbank.org. 2006-05-11. Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^ http://www.unicef.org/earlychildhood/files/india_icds.pdf ^ "India - Statistics". UNICEF. Retrieved 2011-10-16. ^http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1147272668285/IndiaUndernourishedChildrenFinal.pdf Further reading [edit] Poverty in India, World Bank "Can India eradicate poverty? Will India's economic boom help the poor?" Deaton, A. & Kozel, V. (2005): Data and Dogma: The Great Indian Poverty Debate. The World Bank Research Observer, Vo. 20, No. 2. "World Hunger - India" George, Abraham, Wharton Business School Publications - Why the Fight Against Poverty is Failing: A Contrarian View Poverty and riches in booming India External links [edit] Rural poverty in India (IFAD) Poverty in India 2 Tendulkar Committee report [show] v   t   e Economy of India [show] v   t   e Socio-economic issues in India [show] v   t   e  India topics [show] v   t   e Poverty in Asia Categories:  Poverty in India